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Sketch of idealized experimental geometries for single-molecule force experiments with nucleic-acid polymers. The total molecule extension is x. (A) Idealized pulling geometry in which force is applied directly to the ends of the molecule. (B) One-bead geometry. The molecule is attached at one end to a surface (glass slide or coverslip) and at the other end to a bead. Force is applied to the center of the bead. (C) Two-bead geometry. The molecule is attached at both ends to beads.
