Table 2A.
Raw muscle data for the bonobo and gorillas (Pp, Gm, Gj and Gp)
| Pp | Gm | Gj | Gp | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Subject | Mass (g) | FL (cm) | PCSA (cm2) | Mass (g) | FL (cm) | PCSA (cm2) | Mass (g) | FL (cm) | PCSA (cm2) | Mass (g) | FL (cm) | PCSA (cm2) |
| Gluteus maximus | 371.1 | 11 | 31.7 | 747.7 | 14 | 59.2 | 682 | 16 | 40.2 | 439 | 17 | 24.4 |
| Gluteus medius | 402.7 | 11.1 | 34.1 | 495.2 | 14.1 | 38.9 | 1087 | 15.4 | 66.6 | – | – | – |
| Gluteus minimus | 20.6 | 5.2 | 3.8 | 176.7 | 6.5 | 29.9 | 192 | 10.7 | 17 | – | – | – |
| Scansorius | 44.6 | 4.4 | 9.7 | – | 5.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Tensor fascia lata | – | – | – | – | 26.1 | – | 358 | 13.3 | 25.4 | – | – | – |
| Adductor magnus | 582.7 | 20.6 | 26.6 | 1092.4 | 17.5 | 68.9 | 781.8 | 25 | 29.5 | 938 | 24.5 | 36.1 |
| Adductor longus | 43.8 | 13.9 | 3 | 68 | 13.2 | 5.7 | 69.2 | 13.8 | 4.7 | – | – | – |
| Adductor brevis | 111.5 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 85.4 | 9.3 | 10.2 | 158.8 | 13 | 11.5 | – | – | – |
| Pectineus | 24.4 | 7.3 | 3.1 | 36.9 | 11.8 | 3.5 | 29.1 | 11.3 | 2.4 | – | – | – |
| Iliacus | 191.4 | 9.3 | 19.4 | 587.5 | 5.7 | 114.2 | 497 | 11.3 | 41.7 | – | – | – |
| Quadratus femoris | 7.1 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 10.7 | 5.7 | 2.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Obturator externus | 41.2 | 4.5 | 8.6 | 103.9 | 10.2 | 11.3 | 101.8 | 10.5 | 9.1 | – | – | – |
| Rectus femoris | 109.3 | 8.1 | 12.8 | 145.7 | 10.5 | 15.3 | 131.4 | 14.4 | 8.6 | 202.2 | 15 | 12.7 |
| Vastus | 746.1 | 8.3 | 84.5 | 630 | 24.7 | 40.9 | 1015 | 13.3 | 72 | 1296.2 | 15 | 81.5 |
| Long head biceps | 140.1 | 19.5 | 6.8 | 223.3 | 12.7 | 19.5 | 205.2 | 23.3 | 8.3 | 182.8 | 19.5 | 8.8 |
| Short head biceps | 59.3 | 10 | 5.6 | 81.6 | 34.5 | 2.6 | 100.8 | 20.6 | 4.6 | 160.3 | 20 | 7.6 |
| Gracilis | 146.4 | 27.3 | 5.1 | 267 | 23 | 12.8 | 201.4 | 32 | 5.9 | 205 | 36 | 5.4 |
| Semimembranosus | 100.7 | 18.2 | 5.2 | 179.6 | 18.5 | 10.7 | 202.1 | 20 | 9.5 | 228 | 28 | 7.7 |
| Semitendinosus | 139.6 | 14.7 | 9 | 378.7 | 46.8 | 9 | 381.1 | 34 | 10.6 | 293 | 21.3 | 13 |
| Gastrocnemius lateralis | 105.2 | 9.5 | 10.4 | 58.3 | 12.2 | 5.3 | 104 | 8.7 | 11.3 | 183.6 | 15.5 | 11.2 |
| Gastrocnemius medialis | 141.5 | 9.7 | 13.8 | 126.2 | 7.6 | 18.4 | 150.2 | 9.7 | 14.7 | 243.1 | 11.5 | 19.9 |
| Soleus | 220.2 | 6 | 34.6 | 194.2 | 8 | 27 | 225.3 | 6.2 | 34.3 | 330.3 | 8 | 39 |
| Flexor tibialis | 121.3 | 8 | 14.3 | 67 | 10.1 | 7.3 | 132.7 | 7.1 | 17.6 | 181.5 | 13 | 13.2 |
| Flexor fibularis | 41.5 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 103.9 | 6.8 | 16.8 | 66.1 | 9.7 | 6.4 | 89.8 | 9.9 | 8.5 |
| Peroneus longus | 70.6 | 5.4 | 12.3 | 71.9 | 6.8 | 11.7 | 128.2 | 6.7 | 18.1 | 81.2 | 9.3 | 8.3 |
| Peroneus brevis | 31.4 | 5.4 | 5.5 | – | 12 | – | – | – | – | 52.7 | 10.3 | 4.9 |
| Tibialis anterior | 101.2 | 9.5 | 10.1 | 128.2 | 5.6 | 25.5 | 165.6 | 8.6 | 18.2 | 159.7 | 9.9 | 15.3 |
| Tibialis posterior | 79.3 | 4.4 | 17 | 58.3 | 11.4 | 5.7 | 114.9 | 4.6 | 23.6 | 149.5 | 5.5 | 25.6 |
| Extensor digitorum longus | 43.2 | 9 | 4.5 | 63.1 | 10.5 | 6.7 | 68.1 | 10.7 | 6 | 64.9 | 13 | 4.7 |
| Extensor hallucis longus | 12.1 | 8.3 | 1.4 | 20.4 | 6.6 | 3.4 | 17.6 | 8.2 | 2 | 30 | 15 | 1.9 |
| Flexor digitorum brevis | 10.9 | 2.3 | 0.2 | 10 | 5.5 | 1.8 | – | – | – | 45.5 | 8 | 5.4 |
| Flexor hallucis brevis | 11.5 | 2.0 | 0.2 | 8 | 2.4 | 3.2 | – | – | – | 23.6 | 14 | 1.6 |
| Sartorius | 47.3 | 37 | 1.2 | 58 | 30 | 1.8 | 71.8 | 32 | 2.1 | 293 | 21 | 13.2 |
| Popliteus | 32.2 | 3.1 | 9.7 | 28 | 5 | 5.4 | 72.4 | 12.4 | 5.5 | 84.4 | 8 | 9.9 |
| Obturator internus | 23.0 | 4.5 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Psoas Major | 117.2 | 22.8 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Psoas Minor | 14.4 | 2.8 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Plantaris | 8.7 | 1.8 | 0.2 | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | – |
For a variety of reasons, we were not able to measure all muscles in all subjects, in such cases we have used a dash.
FL = fascicle length; PCSA = physiological cross-sectional area.