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. 2006 Jun;208(6):709–724. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2006.00563.x

Table 2A.

Raw muscle data for the bonobo and gorillas (Pp, Gm, Gj and Gp)

Pp Gm Gj Gp




Subject Mass (g) FL (cm) PCSA (cm2) Mass (g) FL (cm) PCSA (cm2) Mass (g) FL (cm) PCSA (cm2) Mass (g) FL (cm) PCSA (cm2)
Gluteus maximus 371.1 11 31.7 747.7 14 59.2 682 16 40.2 439 17 24.4
Gluteus medius 402.7 11.1 34.1 495.2 14.1 38.9 1087 15.4 66.6
Gluteus minimus 20.6 5.2 3.8 176.7 6.5 29.9 192 10.7 17
Scansorius 44.6 4.4 9.7 5.5
Tensor fascia lata 26.1 358 13.3 25.4
Adductor magnus 582.7 20.6 26.6 1092.4 17.5 68.9 781.8 25 29.5 938 24.5 36.1
Adductor longus 43.8 13.9 3 68 13.2 5.7 69.2 13.8 4.7
Adductor brevis 111.5 10.4 10.1 85.4 9.3 10.2 158.8 13 11.5
Pectineus 24.4 7.3 3.1 36.9 11.8 3.5 29.1 11.3 2.4
Iliacus 191.4 9.3 19.4 587.5 5.7 114.2 497 11.3 41.7
Quadratus femoris 7.1 4.5 1.5 10.7 5.7 2.1
Obturator externus 41.2 4.5 8.6 103.9 10.2 11.3 101.8 10.5 9.1
Rectus femoris 109.3 8.1 12.8 145.7 10.5 15.3 131.4 14.4 8.6 202.2 15 12.7
Vastus 746.1 8.3 84.5 630 24.7 40.9 1015 13.3 72 1296.2 15 81.5
Long head biceps 140.1 19.5 6.8 223.3 12.7 19.5 205.2 23.3 8.3 182.8 19.5 8.8
Short head biceps 59.3 10 5.6 81.6 34.5 2.6 100.8 20.6 4.6 160.3 20 7.6
Gracilis 146.4 27.3 5.1 267 23 12.8 201.4 32 5.9 205 36 5.4
Semimembranosus 100.7 18.2 5.2 179.6 18.5 10.7 202.1 20 9.5 228 28 7.7
Semitendinosus 139.6 14.7 9 378.7 46.8 9 381.1 34 10.6 293 21.3 13
Gastrocnemius lateralis 105.2 9.5 10.4 58.3 12.2 5.3 104 8.7 11.3 183.6 15.5 11.2
Gastrocnemius medialis 141.5 9.7 13.8 126.2 7.6 18.4 150.2 9.7 14.7 243.1 11.5 19.9
Soleus 220.2 6 34.6 194.2 8 27 225.3 6.2 34.3 330.3 8 39
Flexor tibialis 121.3 8 14.3 67 10.1 7.3 132.7 7.1 17.6 181.5 13 13.2
Flexor fibularis 41.5 6.3 6.2 103.9 6.8 16.8 66.1 9.7 6.4 89.8 9.9 8.5
Peroneus longus 70.6 5.4 12.3 71.9 6.8 11.7 128.2 6.7 18.1 81.2 9.3 8.3
Peroneus brevis 31.4 5.4 5.5 12 52.7 10.3 4.9
Tibialis anterior 101.2 9.5 10.1 128.2 5.6 25.5 165.6 8.6 18.2 159.7 9.9 15.3
Tibialis posterior 79.3 4.4 17 58.3 11.4 5.7 114.9 4.6 23.6 149.5 5.5 25.6
Extensor digitorum longus 43.2 9 4.5 63.1 10.5 6.7 68.1 10.7 6 64.9 13 4.7
Extensor hallucis longus 12.1 8.3 1.4 20.4 6.6 3.4 17.6 8.2 2 30 15 1.9
Flexor digitorum brevis 10.9 2.3 0.2 10 5.5 1.8 45.5 8 5.4
Flexor hallucis brevis 11.5 2.0 0.2 8 2.4 3.2 23.6 14 1.6
Sartorius 47.3 37 1.2 58 30 1.8 71.8 32 2.1 293 21 13.2
Popliteus 32.2 3.1 9.7 28 5 5.4 72.4 12.4 5.5 84.4 8 9.9
Obturator internus 23.0 4.5 0.2
Psoas Major 117.2 22.8 0.2
Psoas Minor 14.4 2.8 0.2
Plantaris 8.7 1.8 0.2

For a variety of reasons, we were not able to measure all muscles in all subjects, in such cases we have used a dash.

FL = fascicle length; PCSA = physiological cross-sectional area.