Table 3.
Maximum muscle moment arm as a percentage of either femur (hip and knee) or tibia (ankle) length
| Muscle | Pp | Gp | Gj | Gm | Oam | Ojm | Ojf | Haf | Pt† | Hs |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gluteus maximus at hip | 19 | − | − | 24 | 12 | 20 | − | 10 | 10 | |
| Gluteus medius at hip | 1 | − | − | 6 | 24 | 18 | − | 5 | − | |
| Ischiofemoralis at hip | 23 | − | − | 47 | 19 | 21 | − | 7 | − | |
| Long head of biceps femoris at hip | 24 | − | − | 30 | 25 | 25 | − | 37 | 18 | 25‡/16¶ |
| Semitendinosus at hip | 16 | − | 16 | 32 | 28 | 21 | − | 19 | 19 | |
| Semimembranosus at hip | 24 | − | 16 | 31 | 33 | 21 | − | 19 | 19 | |
| Gracilis at hip | 39 | − | 27 | 48 | 26 | − | − | − | 35 | |
| Adductor magnus at hip | 26 | − | − | − | 25 | 22 | − | 10 | 27 | |
| Rectus femoris at hip | 15 | − | 7 | 5 | 20 | 11 | − | 6 | 11 | 10‡/7¶ |
| Long head of biceps femoris at knee | 10 | 4 | 17 | 3 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 4 | 13 | 3‡/8§/7¶ |
| Short head of biceps femoris at knee | 9 | 14 | 9 | 3 | 11 | 11 | − | 4 | 9 | |
| Semitendinosus at knee | 31 | 34 | 28 | − | 36 | 27 | 24 | 22 | 30 | 23§ |
| Semimembranosus at knee | 11 | 16 | 16 | 3 | 16 | 9 | 7 | 7 | 9 | 8§ |
| Gracilis at knee | 32 | 30 | 14 | − | 33 | 31 | 33 | 22 | 38 | |
| Vastus lateralis at knee | 13 | 17 | 8 | 7 | 4 | 12 | 6 | 3 | 7 | 14‡/13§/10¶ |
| Gastrocnemius medialis at knee | 6 | 8 | 5 | 4 | 14 | 14 | 8 | − | 7 | 5‡/5¶ |
| Gastrocnemius medialis II* at knee | − | − | − | − | − | − | 14 | − | − | |
| Gastrocnemius lateralis at knee | 10 | 6 | 12 | 2 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 2 | 6 | |
| Triceps surae at ankle | 16 | 25 | 26 | 14 | 14 | 13 | 11 | 15 | 17 | 11¶ |
| Flexor tibialis at ankle | 6 | 17 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 6 | 4 | 4 | − | |
| Flexor fibularis at ankle | 3 | 8 | 12 | 9 | 3 | 7 | 7 | − | − | |
| Tibialis anterior at ankle | 9 | 11 | 7 | 10 | 4 | 8 | 3 | 4 | − | |
| Tibialis posterior | 3 | 5 | − | − | − | 4 | 3 | 5 | − | |
| Extensor digitorum longus at ankle | 11 | 6 | 10 | 7 | − | 7 | 9 | 12 | − | |
| Extensor hallucis longus at ankle | 14 | 14 | 15 | − | 13 | 13 | 15 | − | − |
*
Gastrocnemius medialis had two heads in Ojf, see Results.
†
Pt data were taken directly from Thorpe et al. (1999).
‡
Hs data were taken from Visser et al. (1990)
¶
Thorpe et al. (1999). Raw moment arm data from Herzog & Read (1993) were divided by a hypothetical femur length of 40 cm (as published in Visser et al. 1990) in order to determine moment arm length as a percentage of femur length.