Table 2.
Muscle data: muscle mass, volume, belly length, fascicle length, physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA), pennation angle, and estimated maximum isometric force and power. Values are calculated as per methods described in the text. Values indicate means and range (n = 7)
| Muscle | Muscle mass (g) | Volume (cm3) | Belly length (mm) | Fascicle length (mm) | PCSA (mm2) | Pennation angle (°) | Force (N) | Power (W) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anconeus | 0.72 (0.59–0.91) | 0.68 | 26 (22–31) | 7 (5–8) | 10.1 | 33 (23–40) | 30 | 0.24 |
| Abductor policis longus | 0.23 (0.13–0.35) | 0.22 | 47 (30–80) | 5 (1–10) | 4.1 | 28 (25–30) | 12 | 0.09 |
| Biceps brachii | 4.53 (3.45–4.93) | 4.27 | 75 (68–77) | 19 (11–41) | 22.6 | 28 (20–41) | 68 | 0.53 |
| Brachialis | 1.36 (0.65–2.70) | 1.28 | 72 (60–89) | 30 (19–40) | 4.2 | 11 (0–30) | 13 | 0.10 |
| Brachiocephalicus | 7.08 (3.59–8.75) | 6.68 | 167 (123–205) | 151 (115–186) | 4.4 | 0 | 13 | 0.10 |
| Deltod (acromial head) | 0.73 (0.45–0.94) | 0.69 | 35 (21–41) | 8 (5–9) | 9.2 | 33 (18–40) | 28 | 0.22 |
| Deltoid (scapular head) | 1.51 (1.26–2.10) | 1.42 | 69 (63–80) | 15 (8–25) | 9.5 | 8 (0–22) | 29 | 0.23 |
| Extensor carpi radialis | 1.54 (0.98–1.97) | 1.45 | 62 (40–112) | 24 (10–33) | 7.5 | 9 (0–26) | 23 | 0.18 |
| Extensor carpi ulnaris | 0.16 (0.12–0.18) | 0.15 | 52 (13–50) | 3 (1–5) | 4.9 | 27 (20–33) | 15 | 0.11 |
| Extensor digitorum communis | 1.10 (0.70–1.63) | 1.03 | 46 (40–51) | 14 (11–18) | 7.4 | 12 (0–33) | 22 | 0.17 |
| Extensor digitorum lateralis (quarti) | 0.33 (0.13–0.52) | 0.31 | 53 (33–68) | 7 (5–10) | 3.7 | 18 (0–27) | 11 | 0.09 |
| (quinti) | 0.29 (0.21–0.36) | 0.27 | 55 (44–69) | 7 (6–7) | 3.9 | 28 (25–30) | 11 | 0.09 |
| Flexor carpi radialis | 0.45 (0.35–0.52) | 0.43 | 55 (50–63) | 7 (3–10) | 6.0 | 27 (20–34) | 18 | 0.14 |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris | 1.27 (0.89–1.80) | 1.21 | 75 (72–78) | 35 (18–55) | 34.5 | 35 (23–43) | 10 | 0.81 |
| Flexor digitorum profundus (humeral head) | 1.44 (0.70–2.47) | 1.35 | 79 (63–89) | 7 (3–14) | 18.3 | 31 (21–37) | 55 | 0.43 |
| (middle head) | 0.49 (0.15–1.10) | 0.46 | 58 (39–86) | 10 (8–12) | 4.8 | 26 (20–30) | 14 | 0.11 |
| (radial head) | 1.27 (0.26–2.30) | 1.20 | 76 (60–97) | 13 (6–29) | 9.5 | 27 (19–34) | 28 | 0.23 |
| (ulnar head) | 0.62 (0.50–0.79) | 0.59 | 58 (47–76) | 13 (8–26) | 4.5 | 23 (10–37) | 13 | 0.10 |
| Flexor digitorum superficialis | 2.04 (1.65–2.38) | 1.92 | 87 (80–93) | 6 (4–8) | 32.8 | 31 (25–34) | 98 | 0.78 |
| Infraspinatus | 8.17 (3.77–10.46) | 7.71 | 81 (56–94) | 21 (12–42) | 36.6 | 28 (10–37) | 110 | 0.87 |
| Latissimus dorsi | 13.9 (10.3–16.0) | 13.1 | 17 (15–19) | 139 (117–152) | 9.4 | 0 | 28 | 0.22 |
| Pectoralis descedens | 6.64 (5.53–7.50) | 6.26 | 147 (135–107) | 12 (10–13) | 5.2 | 0 | 16 | 0.13 |
| Pectoralis profundus | 6.94 (4.40–8.56) | 6.54 | 73 (60–83) | 45 (42–48) | 14.6 | 0 | 44 | 0.34 |
| Pectoralis transvs. | 15.9 (10.3–23.7) | 15.1 | 143 (110–175) | 123 (114–135) | 12.3 | 0 | 37 | 0.29 |
| Rhomboideus (cervicis) | 4.71 (3.01–8.57) | 4.45 | 96 (63–130) | 63 (52–87) | 7.0 | 0 | 21 | 0.17 |
| (thoracis) | 6.24 (3.33–11.05) | 5.09 | 74 (53–98) | 57 (44–72) | 8.6 | 0 | 26 | 0.21 |
| Subclavius | 5.20 (3.50–6.51) | 4.91 | 145 (111–171) | 108 (95–123) | 4.5 | 0 | 14 | 0.10 |
| Subscapularis | 7.88 (6.66–10.30) | 7.43 | 68 (53–79) | 10 (7–12) | 76.9 | 33 (27–40) | 231 | 1.81 |
| Supraspinatus | 13.3 (10.5–15.0) | 12.6 | 83 (72–90) | 35 (16–73) | 36.1 | 28 (20–36) | 108 | 0.85 |
| Serratus ventralis (cervicis) | 7.89 (3.93–14.0) | 7.44 | 92 (66–134) | 67 (55–79) | 11.1 | 0 | 33 | 0.26 |
| (thoracis) | 9.10 (6.43–12.2) | 8.59 | 79 (68–86) | 63 (51–74) | 13.7 | 0 | 41 | 0.32 |
| Triceps brachii (lateral head) | 8.24 (6.70–9.14) | 7.77 | 82 (69–101) | 29 (21–41) | 26.5 | 27 (14–40) | 79 | 0.63 |
| (long head) | 16.5 (12.3–19.8) | 15.6 | 94 (80–102) | 20 (14–27) | 79.6 | 34 (12–47) | 239 | 1.89 |
| (medial head) | 2.32 (1.71–2.70) | 2.19 | 81 (73–87) | 19 (11–42) | 11.3 | 26 (0–42) | 34 | 0.26 |
| Teres major | 9.51 (8.00–11.3) | 8.98 | 89 (76–99) | 52 (29–76) | 17.2 | 0 | 52 | 0.41 |
| Teres minor | 1.09 (0.23–4.30) | 1.04 | 27 (19–39) | 18 (5–62) | 5.9 | 24 (20–30) | 18 | 0.14 |
| Trapezius (cervicis) | 5.63 (1.62–10.4) | 5.35 | 90 (55–145) | 60 (44–88) | 8.9 | 0 | 27 | 0.21 |
| (thoracis) | 4.51 (3.25–8.35) | 4.26 | 105 (68–120) | 66 (37–87) | 6.5 | 0 | 19 | 0.15 |