Table 3.
Continuous characters, geographic distribution and colony phenotype of the Trichoderma species discussed.
|
Species
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. austrokoningii | T. caribbaeum var. caribbaeum | T. caribbaeum var. aequatoriale | T. dingleyeae | T. dorotheae | T. intricatum | T. koningii | T. koningiopsis | T. ovalisporum | T. petersenii | T. rogersonii | T. stilbohypoxyli | T. taiwanense | ||||||||||||||
| 22 | 22 | 12,4 | 32 | 32 | 22 | 112 | 232 | 42 | 82 | 132 | 112 | 12 | ||||||||||||||
|
Geography1
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Australia (Queensland), also New Zealand, Taiwan, U.S.A. (Florida), Russia | Puerto Rico, Guadeloupe | Ecuador | New Zealand | Australia (Victoria), New Zealand | Puerto Rico, Thailand | Eastern N. America, Europe | Probably pantropical, also Eastern North America and Europe | Brazil (Amazonia), Ecuador | Europe, Eastern North America and Central America | Eastern North America, Europe | Central & South America, West Africa, U.K. | Taiwan | ||||||||||||||
|
Conidium characters
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Conidium L1 (μm) | (2.5-)3.0-3.7(-4.2) | (3.5-)3.7-4.5(-4.7) | (3.0-)3.5-3.7(-4.0)7 | (3.2-)3.7-4.5(-6.2) | (3.0-)3.5-4.2(-5.0) | (3.0-)3.5-4.0(-4.5) | (3.0-)3.7-4.5(-4.7) | (3.0-)3.5-4.5(-6.2) | (2.7-)3.2-4.0(-4.2) | (2.5-)3.5-4.5(-5.5) | (2.7-)3.5-4.5(-5.5) | (2.5-)3.0-4.0(-5.0) | (3.5-)3.7-4.2(-4.7) | |||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 3.3-3.4 | 4.0-4.1 | 3.5-3.7 | 4.2-4.3 | 3.8-3.9 | 3.6-3.7 | 4.1-4.2 | 3.9-4.0 × | 3.5-3.6 | 3.9-4.0 | 4.0-4.1 | 3.5-3.6 | 3.9-4.1 | |||||||||||||
| Conidium W1 (μm) | (2.0-)2.2-2.7(-3.2) | (2.2-)2.5-3.2(-3.5) | (2.0-)2.2-2.7(-3.0)7 | (2.5-)3.0-3.5(-3.7) | (2.5-)2.7-3.2(-3.7) | (2.5-)2.7-3.2(-3.5) | (2.0-)2.5-3.0(-3.5) | (2.0-)2.5-3.0(-3.5) | (2.5-)3.0-3.2(-3.7) | (2.2-)2.7-3.0(-3.5) | (2.2-)2.5-3.2(-4.2) | (1.7-)2.5-3.0(-3.5) | (2.5-)2.7-3.2(-3.5) | |||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 2.5-2.6 | 2.8-3.0 | 2.4-2.6 | 3.1-3.2 | 3.0-3.1 | 3.0-3.1 | 2.6-2.7 | 2.6-2.7 | 3.0-3.1 | 2.8-2.9 | 2.8-2.9 | 2.6-2.7 | 2.8-3.1 | |||||||||||||
| Conidium L/W1 | (0.9-)1.2-1.6(-1.7) | (1.0-)1.2-1.6(-1.9) | (1.2-)1.3-1.5(-1.9)7 | (1.1-)1.2-1.6(-2.1) | (1.1-)1.2-1.4(-1.6) | (0.9-)1.1-1.3(-1.5) | (1.3-)1.5-1.7(-2.0) | (1.0-)1.3-1.8(-2.5) | 1.1-1.3(-1.6) | (1.0-)1.3-1.5(-1.8) | (0.8-)1.3-1.7(-2.2) | (0.9-)1.1-1.5(-1.9) | (1.0-)1.2-1.6(-1.8) | |||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 1.3-1.4 | 1.4-1.5 | 1.4-1.5 | 1.3-1.4 | 1.2-1.3 | 1.2-1.3 | 1.5-1.6 | 1.49-1.52 | 1.15-1.19 | 1.35-1.39 | 1.4-1.5 | 1.3-1.4 | 1.3-1.5 | |||||||||||||
|
Phialide characters
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phialide length1 | (5.2-)7.0-10.5(-13) | 3.5-9.0(-15.0) | (5.5-)6.0-10.2(-14.0)7 | (4.2-)6.7-11.2(-15.0) | (4.7-)6.5-10.0(-13.7) | (5.0-)5.7-8.2(-11.5) | (4.2-)6.2-10.0(-15.5) | (3.5-)5.5-9.2(-16.0) | (4.0-)5.7-9.2(-13.5) | (4.0-)6.2-10.2(-16.5) | (3.5-)6.0-10.0(-17.5) | (4.2-)5.5-9.0(-12.5) | (5.2-)7.0-10.2(-13.2) | |||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 8.3-9.2 | 5.2-6.2 | 7.4-9.0 | 8.5-9.5 | 7.9-8.7 | 6.6-7.2 | 7.9-8.3 | 7.2-7.5 | 7.2-7/8 | 8.1-8.6 | 7.8-8.3 | 7.1-7.5 | 8.0-9.2 | |||||||||||||
| Phialide at widest point1 | (2.0-)2.5-3.0(-3.5) | (2.0-)2.5-3.2(-4.0) | (2.2-)2.5-3.2(-3.7)7 | (1.7-)2.2-3.2(-4.0) | (1.7-)2.2-3.0(-3.5) | (2.2-)3.0-3.7(-4.5) | (2.0-)2.7-3.5(-4.2) | (2.0-)2.7-3.5(-4.5) | (2.0-)2.5-3.5(-4.2) | (2.0-)2.5-3.5(-4.0) | (2.0-)2.5-3.5(-4.0) | (2.0-)2.7-3.5(-4.5) | (2.2-)2.5-3.2(-3.5) | |||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 2.6-2.8 | 2.8-3.0 | 2.8-3.1 | 2.7-2.9 | 2.6-2.8 | 3.2-3.4 | 3.0-3.1 | 3.1-3.2 | 3.0-3.2 | 2.9-3.0 | 3.0-3.1 | 3.1-3.2 | 2.6-2.9 | |||||||||||||
| Phialide base1 | (1.5-)1.5-2.2(-3.2) | (1.2-)1.5-2.2(-2.5) | 1.5-2.2(-2.5) | (1.2-)1.7-2.5(-4.0)7 | (1.2-)1.5-1.5(-2.7) | (1.2-)1.5-2.5(-3.0) | (1.0-)1.5-2.2(-3.0) | (1.0-)1.5-2.2(-3.7) | (1.0-)1.5-2.5(-3.2) | (1.0-)1.5-2.5(-3.5) | (1.2-)1.7-2.5(-3.2) | (1.2-)1.7-2.5(-3.5) | (1.5-)1.8-2.5(-2.5) | |||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 1.8-2.0 | 2.8-3.0 | 1.8-2.0 | 2.0-2.2 | 1.9-2.0 | 1.9-2.2 | 1.9-2.0 | 1.9-2.0 | 1.9-2.1 | 2.9-3.0 | 2.05-2.13 | 2.0-2.1 | 2.0-2.7 | |||||||||||||
| L/W of Phialide1 | (1.8-)2.4-3.7(-5.4) | 1.2-3.1(-6.6) | (1.6-)1.9-3.9(-5.7)7 | (1.8-)2.5-4.5(-6.3) | (1.5-)2.3-4.1(-6.8) | (1.4-)1.6-2.8(-4.0) | (1.2-)1.8-3.6(-6.6) | (1.0-)1.7-3.3(-6.0) | (1.2-)1.7-3.3(-6.8) | (1.3-)2.1-3.9(-6.9) | (1.0-)2.7-3.7(-8.3) | (1.2-)1.4-3.1(-5.6) μm | (2.1-)2.7-4.0(-5.1) | |||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 3.1-3.6 | 1.8-2.4 | 2.5-3.3 | 3.3-3.7 | 3.0-3.3 | 2.0-2.3 | 2.6-2.8 | 2.4-2.5 | 1.6-3.4 | 2.8-3.0 | 2.6-2.8 | 2.3-2.4 μm | 2.9-3.5 | |||||||||||||
| Phialide supporting cell1 | (1.5-)2.0-3.0(-3.5) | (1.5-)2.0-3.0(-3.7) | (1.7-)2.0-2.7(-3.0)7 | (1.7-)2.2-4.2(-6.5) | (1.5-)1.7-5.0(-9.5) | (2.0-)2.5-3.5(-4.0) | (1.5-)2.2-3.0(-4.0) | (1.7-)2.2-3.5(-7.7) | (1.7-)2.2-4.0(-6.2) | (1.5-)1.7-2.2(-8.0) | (1.5-)2.5-3.2(-4.0) | (1.6-)2.2-3.2(-5.0) μm | (2.0-)2.0-3.0(-3.5) | |||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 2.4-2.6 | 2.4-2.6 | 2.2-2.5 | 3.1-3.5 | 3.0-3.7 | 2.9-3.1 | 2.6-2.7 | 2.8-2.9 | 3.0-3.3 | 2.9-3.1 | 2.7-2.8 | 2.7-2.8 μm | 2.4-2.7 | |||||||||||||
|
Ascus characters
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ascus length | (65-)75-90(-100) | 65-75(-85) | (45-)66-95(-105) | ca. 703 | (56-)65-77(-84) | (56-)62-72(-80) | (60-)65-75(-80) | (55-)67-85(-105) | (51-)69-89(-128) | (65-)72-88(-98) μm | (60-)63-73(-78) | |||||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 81-85 | 70-75 | 76-85 | 70-73 | 66-70 | 69-72 | 75-78 | 78-80 | 79-82 μm | 63-72 | ||||||||||||||||
| Ascus width | (3.2-)4.2-5.7(-6.5) | (3.5-)4.5-6.0(-7.0) | (3.0-)4.0-6.0(-7.7) | 4.5-5.53 | (2.7-)4.0-5.2(-6.2) | (4.2-)4.5-6.2(-7.0) | (3.5-)4.0-6.0(-7.5) | (3.0-)4.5-6.2(-8.0) | (3.5-)4.2-6.2(-8.2) | (4.0-)5.0-6.5(-7.7) μm | (3.2-)3.7-5.0(-5.2) | |||||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 4.8-5.2 | 4.9-5.4 | 4.8-5.4 | 4.4-4.8 | 5.2-5.8 | 4.7-5.3 | 5.2-5.4 | 5.3-5.5 | 5.5-5.8 μm | 3.7-4.8 | ||||||||||||||||
|
Ascospore characters
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Distal part-ascospore length | (3.2-)3.5-4.2(-5.0) | (2.7-)3.2-4.2(-4.7) | (2.0-)3.0-4.2(-5.0) | 3.0-4.5(-6.5) | (2.5-)3.0-3.7(-4.0) | (2.7-)3.5-4.5(-4.6) | (2.7-)3.2-4.0(-4.5) | (2.2-)3.5-4.5(-5.5) | (3.0-)3.5-4.5(-5.2) | (3.2-)3.5-4.5(-5.0) μm | (2.7-)3.0-4.0(-4.7) | |||||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 3.8-3.9 | 3.7-3.8 | 3.6-3.9 | 3.6-4.0 | 3.2-3.4 | 3.9-4.2 | 3.7-3.8 | 3.8-4.0 | 3.9-4.0 | 3.9-4.1 μm | 3.2-3.7 | |||||||||||||||
| Distal part-ascospore width | (2.7-)3.2-3.7(-4.2) | (2.5-)3.0-3.5(-4.0) | (1.7-)2.5-4.0(-4.5) | (2.2-)2.7-3.7(-5.2) | (2.2-)2.7-3.5(-3.7) | (2.5-)3.0-3.5(-4.0) | (2.0-)2.7-3.5(-4.0) | (2.0-)3.2-4.2(-5.0) | (2.5-)3.2-4.0(-5.0) | (2.7-)3.2-3.7(-4.2) μm | (2.5-)3.0-3.5(-4.0) | |||||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 3.5-3.6 | 3.2-3.4 | 3.1-3.4 | 2.8-3.8 | 3.0-3.2 | 3.2-3.4 | 3.1-3.3 | 3.7-3.8 | 3.6-3.7 | 3.4-3.5 μm | 3.1-3.3 | |||||||||||||||
| Proximal part-ascospore length | (3.2-)2.5-4.5(-5.0) | (2.7-)3.5-4.7(-5.2) | (2.5-)3.0-4.7(-6.5) | (3.5-)3.7-5.0(-6.5) | (2.5-)2.5-4.2(-4.5) | (3.2-)3.7-4.5(-5.2) | (3.0-)3.7-4.7(-6.0) | (2.7-)3.7-5.0(-6.5) | (3-)4-5(-6) | (3.2-)4.0-5.0(-6.0) μm | (3.0-)3.5-4.5(-5.2) | |||||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 3.9-4.1 | 4.1-4.4 | 3.8-4.1 | 4.2-4.6 | 3.6-3.9 | 4.0-4.3 | 4.1-4.4 | 4.4-4.6 | 4.4-4.5 | 4.5-4.7 μm | 3.7-4.1 | |||||||||||||||
| Proximal-part width | (2.7-)3.0-3.5(-4.2) | (2.5-)2.7-3.2(-3.7) | (1.7-)2.5-3.5(-4.2) | 2.5-3.5(-4.2) | (2.2-)2.5-3.0(-3.2) | (2.2-)2.5-3.0(-3.7) | (1.7-)2.2-3.0(-3.5) | (2.2-)2.7-3.7(-5.2) | (2.0-)2.7-3.5(-4.0) | (2.2-)2.7-3.2(-4.0) μm | (2.2-)2.5-3.2 | |||||||||||||||
| 95% CI | 3.1-3.2 | 3.0-3.1 | 2.9-3.2 | 2.9-3.1 | 2.7-2.8 | 2.6-2.9 | 2.6-2.8 | 3.2-3.3 | 3.1-3.2 | 3.0-3.1 μm | 2.7-2.9 | |||||||||||||||
|
Colony radius and slope of growth curve on PDA after 72h (mm)
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Radius 15 °C1 | 65 | 13-155 | 7-104 | 11-175 | 16-175 | 8-105 | (12-)15-19 | (8-)9-17(-30) | (5-)6-13 | (10-)11-13(-14) | (8-)8.5-11(-13) | (2-)3-13(-17) | 10-125 | |||||||||||||
| Radius 20 °C1 | 18-205 | 365 | 25-424 | 22-375 | 31-425 | 25-425 | (26-)31-38 | (23-)30-40(-42) | (31-)31-37 | (19-)23-29 | (23-)24-28(-31) | (11-)15-39(-43) | 21-295 | |||||||||||||
| Radius 25 °C1 | 33-355 | 53-565 | 41-504 | 24-295 | 39-415 | 40-506 | (41-)49-58 | (45-)51-63(-67) | (38-)43-66 | (26-)33-45 | (38-)40-48(-50) | (36-)38-54(-64) | 43-465 | |||||||||||||
| Radius 30 °C1 | (36-375 | 54-585 | 9-164 | 1-35 | 20-285 | 9-165 | (35-)45-61 | (20-)52-72 | 48-70 | (25-)32-48 | (40-)40-52(-60) | 36-54(-69) | 42-435 | |||||||||||||
| Radius 35 °C1 | 0.0-1.05 | 1-25 | 0-14 | 15 | 1-25 | 0-15 | (0-)1-2(-3) | (0-)2-10(-12) | 5-14 | 0-4 | (0-)0.7-4(-5) | 0-3 | 0 | |||||||||||||
| slope PDA 15 °C1 | 0.113-0.1355 | 0.204-0.2225 | 0.24 | 0.209-0.2635 | 0.272-0.3185 | 0.125-0.1695 | (0.225-)0.255-0.311(-0.314) | (0.053-)0.163-0.281(-0.310) | 0.125-0.1855 | (0.178-) 0.187-0.223(-0.232) | (0.138-)0.151-0.191(-0.210) | (0.049-)0.092-0.222(-0.242) | 0.163-0.2165 | |||||||||||||
|
Species
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| T. austrokoningii | T. caribbaeum var. caribbaeum | T. caribbaeum var. aequatoriale | T. dingleyeae | T. dorotheae | T. intricatum | T. koningii | T. koningiopsis | T. ovalisporum | T. petersenii | T. rogersonii | T. stilbohypoxyli | T. taiwanense | ||||||||||||||
| 22 | 22 | 12,4 | 32 | 32 | 22 | 112 | 232 | 42 | 82 | 132 | 112 | 12 | ||||||||||||||
| slope PDA 20 °C1 | 0.329-0.3365 | 0.580-0.5995 | 0.475-0.6254 | 0.353-0.4285 | 0.493-0.5545 | 0.329-0.4925 | (0.492-)0.540-0.610 | (0.272-)0.503-0.676 | 0.522-0.6545 | (0.340-)0.396-0.475(-0.468) | (0.371-)0.414-0.504(-0.540) | (0.271)0.340-0.683 | 0.395-0.4955 | |||||||||||||
| slope PDA 25 °C1 | 0.522-0.5405 | 0.603-0.6085 | 0.695-0.7214 | 0.332-0.3895 | 0.610-0.6175 | 0.608-0.6245 | (0.547-)0.544-0.706(-0.829) | (0.558-)0.550-0.742(-0.815) | 0.551-0.8565 | (0.562-)0.586-0.622(-0.629) | (0.585-)0.602-0.674(-0.724) | (0.631-)0.673-0.823(-0.848) | 0.625-0.6335 | |||||||||||||
| slope PDA 30 °C1 | 0.055-0.5395 | 0.593-0.6015 | 0.108-0.1504 | 5 | 0.261-0.4865 | 0.547-0.6315 | (0.540-)0.556-0.606(-0.618) | (0.269-)0455-0.735(-0.807) | 0.519-0.7935 | (0.214-)0.362-0.648 | (0.550-)0.587-0.629(-0.641) | (0.650-)0.659-0.749(-0.782) | 0.592-0.6295 | |||||||||||||
| slope PDA 35 °C1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | (0.003-0.063(-0.111) | 0.007-0.333 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||||||||
|
Colony radius and slope of growth curve on SNA after 72h
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Colony radius SNA 15 °C1 | 6.0-7.05 | 8-95 | 8-154 | 8-175 | 7-105 | 8-155 | (5-)7-13 | (5.3-)8-12(-14) | (5.0-)5.0-10.0 | (6-)7-12(-13) | (1.5-)3.0-8.0(-10) | (2-)3-11(-12) | 6-85 | |||||||||||||
| Colony radius SNA 20 °C1 | 17-205 | 22-245 | 20-274 | 14-225 | 17-215 | 20-275 | (14-)18-23 | (16-)22-31(-43) | (25-)19-27 | (19-)20-24 | (10-)13-19(-21) | (13-)17-27(-30) | 16-255 | |||||||||||||
| Colony radius SNA 25 °C1 | 27-345 | 41-425 | 31-334 | 22-305 | 19-285 | 31-335 | (25-)29-35 | (32-)37-47(-51) | 40-48 | (27-)31-35 | (15-)21-31(-33) | (22-)28-49(-41) | 27-485 | |||||||||||||
| Colony radius SNA 30 °C1 | 25-315 | 36-465 | 224 | 1-25 | 12-155 | 65-705 | (20-)21-27(-28) | (15-)32-54(-64) | 39-41(-51) | (22-)26-31(-34) | (12-)14-28(-35) | (25-)30-43(-45) | 30-505 | |||||||||||||
| Colony radius SNA 35 °C1 | 0-15 | 0.5-1.0 | 0 | 0-1 | 0-1 | 0 | (0.5-)1.0-1.8(-2.0) | (0-)1.5-6.2(-14) | 4-7 | (0-)0.2-1.5(-2) | 0-3.2 | 0-1 | 0-25 | |||||||||||||
| Colony slope SNA 15 °C1 | 0.119-0.1465 | 0.156-0.1825 | 0.167-0.1834 | 0.156-0.1895 | 0.134-0.1865 | 0.057-0.0855 | (0.057-)0.110-0.202(-0.226) | (0.085-)0.121-0.201(-0.232) | 0.164-0.2365 | (0.115-)0.124-0.214(-0.232) | (0.054-)0.064-0.148(-0.190) | 0.087-0.199 | 0.104-0.1145 | |||||||||||||
| Colony slope SNA 20 °C1 | 0.236-0.3405 | 0.397-0.4065 | 0.341-0.4134 | 0.385-0.4425 | 0.253-0.3965 | 0.200-0.3675 | (0.200-)0.272-0.444(-0.482) | (0.161-)0.290-0.462(-0.518) | 0.401-0.5545 | (0.311-)0.313-0.419(-0.461) | (0.213-)0.248-0.318(-0.321) | 0.227-0.381 | 0.220-0.3835 | |||||||||||||
| Colony slope SNA 25 °C1 | 0.460-0.5575 | 0.451-0.5945 | 0.495-0.5504 | 0.603-0.6335 | 0.275-0.6145 | 0.424-0.6405 | (0.275-)0.328-0.618(-0.712) | (0.215-)0.453-0.675(-0.779) | 0.504-0.7895 | (0.465-)0.486-0.554(-0.520) | (0.354-)0.392-0.482(-0.485) | 0.264-0.574 | 0.371-0.6505 | |||||||||||||
| Colony slope SNA 30 °C1 | 0.371-0.4515 | 0.160-0.4035 | 0.3254 | 0.321-0.6195 | 0.075-0.6195 | 0.457-0.6535 | (0.014-)0.100-0.558(-0.654) | (0.004-)0.296-0.676(-0.782) | 0.297-0.7695 | (0.206-)0.290-0.450(-0.483) | (0.200-)0.229-0.391(-0.461) | 0.038-0.537 | 0.354-0.5675 | |||||||||||||
| Colony slope SNA 35 °C1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.168 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0-0.0045 | |||||||||||||
|
Colony morphology on PDA
|
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| Colony type after 96 h in light | growth slow; conidia formed abundantly in two concentric rings | fast; faint concentric rings; few conidia | growth slow; abundant conidia in concentric rings | growth slow; mycelium uniform or abundant in faint concentric rings; sterile | growth slow; mycelium uniform or abundant in faint concentric rings; sterile or not | fast; faint concentric rings; few conidia | growth fast; faint to pronounced concentric rings, conidia typically abundant | growth fast; faint to pronounced concentric rings, conidia typically abundant | growth fast; faint to pronounced concentric rings, conidia typically abundant | growth slow; conspicuous concentric rings; conidia abundant, lacking any yellow color | growth slow; few faint concentric rings; conidia formed abundantly in the center of the colony | growth slow, abundant conidial production in 3 or 4 broad concentric rings. Some yellow pigment in developing conidia and PDA reverse | growth slow, few conidia in concentric rings | |||||||||||||
| Time of appearance of green conidia on PDA in darkness1 hours | 48 | 72-96 | 48 | >96 | 72-96 | >96 | 72 | 48 | 48 | 48-72 | 24(-48) | 48(-72) | 48 | |||||||||||||
| Temperature of appearance of green conidia on PDA in darkness1 °C | 25 | 20 | 25-30 | 25 | 20-25 | 25 | 25-30 | (20-)25-30 | 20 | 20-25 | 25-30 | 25-30 | 25 | |||||||||||||
1
Characters used in PCO analysis.
2
Number of collections.
3
Only two asci could be measured from three collections.
4
Continuous measurements from SNA. All measurements pertaining to growth rate report the range observed in three, independent trials.
5
maximum and minimum of all cultures studied.
6
Total range of two isolates.
7
Measured from pustules.