Table 1.

Adverse effects of the environment and aging on the proteasome system. The table summarizes diseases where proteasomes are known to be implicated and the impact that aging and environmental effectors could have on their development.

Disease	Impairment of proteasomes	Proteasome population affected	Symptoms	References
Cardiac dysfunction
- transient ischemia/reperfusion	decreased activity	26S proteasomes	apoptosis	89, 90
- pressure overload	decreased activity	26S proteasomes	apoptosis	68
- inclusion body myositis	decreased activity	26S proteasomes, induction of immunoproteasome	inclusion bodies	83 134
Cataract formation	decreased activity	20S proteasomes	aggregation of (oxidized) proteins	66
Neurodegenerative diseases
- Alzheimer's	decreased activity	20S/26S proteasomes	β-amyloid plaques/tau tangles, neuronal loss	77 78
- Parkinson's	decreased activity	20S/26S proteasomes	Lewy bodies, neuronal loss	73
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis	decreased activity	20S/26S proteasomes	SOD1 aggregates, motor neuron loss	75
- Huntington's	decreased activity	20S/26S proteasomes, induction of immunoproteasome	poly-glutamine inclusions, neuronal dysfunction/loss	76 135
Viral infections
- HIV/adenovirus	decreased expression, inhibition	immunoproteasomes, 20S proteasomes	impaired immune response	156 182
- hepatitis B	inhibition	20S/26S proteasomes	hepatitis	183
- HTLV	activation	nuclear proteasomes	neurological inflammation	184
Autoimmune/rheumatoid diseases
- Sjogren's syndrome	decreased expression	subunit β1i	tissue destruction	185
Cancer
- multiple myeloma - renal carcinoma	increased activity, depressed expression	20S/26S proteasomes, immunoproteasomes	suppression of apoptosis, induction of proliferaton	122 142,145
Cachexia
- sepsis	increased activity	20S/26S proteasomes	Inflammation, muscle protein wasting	100
- metabolic acidosis	increased activity	20S/26S proteasomes	Inflammation, muscle protein wasting	97