Figure 2.

Representative examples of simulations without spatial structure. (A) With 0 reward rates, the initial offer evolves monotonically to zero. (B and C) More complex dynamics when both initial offer and reward rate evolve. (D and E) Detailed view of dynamics, showing transient period of increasing mutualism (generations 1400–1900). For simulations shown here, cost and benefit parameters were B₀ = 4.7, B₁ = 1.8, and C₀ = 0.6 (Fig. 1B), with 15 iterations per mutualistic interaction.