Table 3 Risk of lung function impairment for death using Cox proportional hazard models.

GOLD category*	Unadjusted model HR (95% CI)	Adjusted model† HR (95% CI)
GOLD 3 or 4 (<LLN)	3.0 (2.5 to 3.7)	3.0 (2.4 to 3.7)
GOLD 3 or 4 (⩾LLN)	1.8 (0.4 to 8.8)	3.0 (0.6 to 14.3)
GOLD 2 (<LLN)	1.9 (1.6 to 2.3)	1.7 (1.4 to 2.0)
GOLD 2 (⩾LLN)	1.9 (1.5 to 2.4)	2.2 (1.7 to 2.7)
GOLD 1 (<LLN)	2.1 (1.7 to 2.6)	1.4 (1.1 to 1.7)
GOLD 1 (⩾LLN)	1.7 (1.5 to 2.0)	1.1 (0.96 to 1.3)
GOLD 0	1.3 (1.1 to 1.6)	1.2 (1.03 to 1.4)
Restricted	1.3 (1.1 to 1.6)	1.9 (1.6 to 2.3)
Normal	1.0	1.0

GOLD, Global Initiative on Obstructive Lung Disease; LLN, lower limit of normal.

From the Cardiovascular Health Study and follow‐up.

*The categories in bold comprise the “potentially overdiagnosed” group of individuals.

†Adjusted for age, sex, race and smoking status.