Table 2 The association of drugs versus no drugs with the risk of deterioration in a logistic regression model adjusted for confounding factors.
| OR (95% CI)* | OR (95% CI)† | OR (95% CI)‡ | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Antipsychotic drugs | |||
| Older/atypical antipsychotics | 2.74 (1.17 to 6.41) | 2.72 (1.13 to 6.52) | 2.70 (1.11 to 6.6) |
| Older antipsychotics | 8.35 (0.93 to 75.08) | ||
| Atypical antipsychotics | 1.48 (0.94 to 2.32) | ||
| Antidepressant drugs | |||
| Any antidepressant drug | 0.96 (0.68 to 1.35) | ||
| Tricyclic antidepressant | 0.94 (0.19 to 4.57) | ||
| SSRIs | 1.01 (0.71 to 1.46) | ||
| Hypnotics and anxiolytics | |||
| BZD/BZD‐related drugs | 2.77 (1.14 to 6.73) | 2.90 (1.17 to 7.20) | 2.62 (1.04 to 6.6) |
| Drugs for dementia | |||
| Achs/NMDA antagonists | 0.49 (0.25 to 0.97) | 0.50 (0.25 to 1.01) | 0.47 (0.23 to 0.97) |
| Vitamins/antioxidants | |||
| Vitamins E/B12/folic acid | 0.72 (0.28 to 1.84) | ||
| NSAIDs | |||
| Small doses of aspirin (⩽325 mg/day) | 1.07 (0.54 to 2.12) | ||
| NSAIDs | 1.00 (0.57 to 1.76) | ||
| Antihypertensive and heart‐related drugs | |||
| Antihypertensive/any heart‐related drug | 1.04 (0.54 to 1.84) | ||
| Any antihypertensive drug | 0.74 (0.39 to 1.40) | ||
| Drugs affecting the renin—angiotensin system | |||
| ACE inhibitors/A‐II receptor antagonists | 0.31 (0.12 to 0.83) | 0.31 (0.11 to 0.85) | 0.38 (0.13 to 1.12) |
| ACE inhibitors | 0.37 (0.14 to 0.99) | ||
| Lipid‐regulating drugs | |||
| Statins | 0.12 (0.03 to 0.52) | 0.09 (0.02 to 0.41) | 0.17 (0.03 to 0.96) |
| Drugs with antimuscarinic effect | |||
| Any | 0.48 (0.11 to 2.11) | ||
| Corticosteroids | |||
| Inhaled/nasal | 0.66 (0.17 to 2.60) | ||
| Oral intake | 1.60 (0.49 to 5.20) | ||
| Drugs for diabetes | |||
| Oral drugs for diabetes or insulin | 0.76 (0.24 to 2.46) | ||
| Thyroid hormones | |||
| Any | 1.01 (0.39 to 2.66) | ||
| Antiepileptic drugs | |||
| Any | 2.40 (0.23 to 25.11) | ||
| Laxatives | |||
| Any | 2.22 (0.87 to 5.66) |
ACE, angiotensin‐converting enzyme; Achs, acetylcholinesterase‐inhibiting drugs; BZD, benzodiazepine; NMDA, N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate; NSAIDs, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.
*Odds ratio (OR) with 95% confident intervals (95% CI) adjusted for age, sex and Global Deterioration Scale (GDS) at baseline
†OR with (95% CI) adjusted in addition to the above for presence of delusions, hallucinations, aggression and extrapyramidal signs.
‡OR with (95% CI) adjusted for age, sex, baseline GDS, antipsychotic drugs, BZD/BZD‐related drugs, drugs for dementia, drugs affecting the renin–angiotensin system and statins.