Table 6 Verbal abilities and language: weighted Cohen's d effect sizes* for each test, rank ordered by size.

	N studies	N participants	Mean Cohen's dw	SD dw (95% CI)	Min d	Max d	Nfs	%OL	Study references
Graded Naming Test	3	88	1.39	0.44 (0.89, 1.88)	0.61	3.01	18	32	28,78,109
Word–Picture Matching	5	123	1.05	0.44 (0.66, 1.44)	0.37	2.00	21	41	30,79,109,119,120
WAB Spontaneous Speech (fluency)	2	227	1.04	0.20 (0.76, 1.32)	0.48	1.29	8	45	94,124
Pyramids and Palm Trees (words)	5	185	1.02	0.36 (0.71, 1.34)	0.65	1.72	21	45	82,90,114,119,120
Other picture naming tasks	11	291	0.99	0.45 (0.73, 1.26)	−0.45	2.93	43	45	29,68,74,129
Pyramids and Palm Trees (pictures)	4	116	0.90	0.40 (0.51, 1.30)	0.29	1.48	14	48	78,82,119,120
WAB Comprehension	2	35	0.88	0.51 (0.18, 1.59)	0.42	1.27	7	48	75,111
WAB Repetition	3	247	0.81	0.23 (0.55, 1.07)	0.32	1.28	9	53	75,94,124
Pyramids and Palm Trees (score not specified or average of words and pictures)	5	123	0.79	0.43 (0.41, 1.17)	−0.39	1.31	15	53	28,30,80,115,136
WAB Naming (object naming)	3	247	0.78	0.23 (0.51, 1.04)	0.30	1.11	9	53	75,94,124
WAB Aphasia Quotient	2	81	0.77	0.33 (0.31, 1.22)	0.55	1.61	6	53	75,94
WAB Praxis	2	158	0.71	0.23 (0.39, 1.04)	0.69	0.88	5	57	75,124
WAB Naming (responsive speech)	3	247	0.70	0.23 (0.44, 0.96)	0.33	0.85	7	57	75,94,124
WAB Naming (sentence completion)	3	247	0.65	0.23 (0.39, 0.91)	0.30	0.79	7	57	75,94,124
WAIS Vocabulary	3	325	0.62	0.30 (0.28, 0.96)	0.40	0.77	6	62	62,86,94
WAB Reading and writing (writing)	2	152	0.62	0.24 (0.29, 0.95)	0.47	0.64	4	62	75,124
WAB Comprehension (yes/no)	2	227	0.57	0.14 (0.30, 0.84)	0.40	0.63	4	62	94,124
WAB Spontaneous Speech (content)	2	227	0.57	0.19 (0.30, 0.84)	0.54	0.64	4	62	94,124
ACE Naming	2	170	0.55	0.24 (0.21, 0.88)	0.36	0.76	3	62	85,102
Letter Fluency	39	1494	0.53	0.36 (0.42, 0.65)	−0.71	2.19	65	67	29,68,74,129
WAB Reading and Writing (reading)	2	171	0.49	0.22 (0.18, 0.80)	0.30	0.51	3	67	75,124
WAB Comprehension (word recognition)	2	227	0.47	0.19 (0.21, 0.74)	0.34	0.53	3	67	94,124
ACE Language	2	170	0.39	0.24 (0.06, 0.72)	0.12	0.70	2	73	85,102
Verb Similarity Task	2	69	0.39	0.35 (−0.10, 0.87)	0.30	0.51	2	73	108,114
WAIS Information	3	330	0.35	0.28 (0.04, 0.67)	0.31	0.52	2	73	60,62,94
Sentence Comprehension	4	221	0.32	0.28 (0.04, 0.60)	−0.44	0.54	2	79	93,94,97,98
ACE Verbal fluency (letter and category fluency)	2	170	0.29	0.24 (−0.04, 0.62)	0.19	0.42	1	79	85,102
WAB Construction (calculation)	2	162	0.26	0.23 (−0.05, 0.58)	−0.26	0.34	1	79	75,124
Oral Praxis	2	74	0.19	0.33 (−0.27, 0.65)	−0.17	0.83	0	85	68,123
Boston Naming Test	22	1352	0.17	0.30 (0.04, 0.29)	−2.24	1.11	0	85	29,68,74,129
Token Test	4	182	0.17	0.32 (−0.15, 0.49)	−0.47	0.78	0	85	29,68,74,129
WAB Construction (drawing)	2	151	−0.16	0.23 (−0.49, 0.16)	−0.17	−0.10	0	85	75,124
Category Fluency	43	2481	0.15	0.30 (0.06, 0.24)	−5.44	1.35	0	85	25,28,30,31,40,44,60,68,72
Phrase Repetition	3	158	−0.07	0.30 (−0.40, 0.26)	−0.66	0.11	0	92	93,97,98
Calculations	4	227	−0.06	0.28 (−0.33, 0.22)	−0.82	0.14	0	92	25,93,97,98

ACE, Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination; Max d, maximum effect size; Mean d_w, mean weighted effect size; Min d, minimum effect size; N, number of studies contributing to the effect size; Nfs, fail safe N; %OL, per cent overlap between the Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia groups; SD d_w, SD of weighted effect size; WAB, Western Aphasia Battery; WAIS, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (all editions); 95% CI, 95% CI for means.

*Effect sizes weighted by the inverse variance.