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(A) Percent formic acid in defensive secretion of male and female G. lecontei. (B) Formic acid content of G. lecontei glandular sacs, plotted as a function of time since the glands were last “milked” to depletion. Beetles were milked 0 days (empty) and 11 days (partially full) beforehand, or were kept unmilked since captured 3.5 months earlier (full glands). Numbers above bars give sample sizes.
