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Stepwise approach for acute pain. Based on information from Ballantyne (2002), Ballantyne and Mao (2003), and Gourlay et al. (2005).
*See text; patients on chronic opiate substitution therapy using buprenorphine should either change the frequency of dosing or change to a full-opiate agonist during acute pain treatment; then, patients are reinduced onto buprenorphine after adequate acute pain treatment.
