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. 1997 Jan 13;136(1):81–93. doi: 10.1083/jcb.136.1.81

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Two hypothetical pathways in HA-mediated fusion. (a) HA-expressing membrane in contact with the target membrane. (b) Low pH induces dramatic changes in HA conformation including insertion of the HA fusion peptide into the target membrane. (c) Formation of a proteinaceous pore. (d) Completion of the fusion process. Dashed lines show the boundaries of the hydrophobic surfaces of monolayers. (e) Local merger of membrane outer monolayers. According to the stalk hypothesis, a transient and local connection between membranes (stalk) has a net negative curvature and its formation should be facilitated and hindered by cone-shaped lipids (e.g., OA), and by inverted cone–shaped lipids (e.g., LPC), respectively. Dashed lines show the boundaries of the hydrophobic surfaces of two monolayers.