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. 1998 Nov 16;143(4):875–885. doi: 10.1083/jcb.143.4.875

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Vpr does not use the classical NLS or the M9 pathway for entry into the nucleus. (A–H) Import of IBB– βgal, Vpr–βgal, Vpr(1–71)– βgal, and Vpr(73–96)–βgal with lysate (control) (A, C, E, and G) or with lysate containing 30 μM unlabeled IBB as a competitor (B, D, F, and H). (I–P) Import of GST-M9 (FITC-labeled), Vpr–βgal, Vpr(1–71)–βgal, and Vpr(73– 96)–βgal with lysate (control) (I, K, M, and O) or with lysate containing 15 μM unlabeled GST-M9 (J, L, N, and P). Inhibition of the nuclear import reaction may be manifested by a cytoplasmic pattern of staining (B) or a general decrease in the fluorescence intensity reflecting exit from the permeabilized cell (J).