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. 2007 Dec;14(6):238–245. doi: 10.3747/co.2007.158

TABLE III.

Cancer vaccine combination therapies

  1. Conventional combination therapy

    • Each agent has independent antitumour effects

  2. Vaccine plus agent or agents that augment the host immune response

    1. Immune potentiators:

      • Cytokines—for example, granulocyte–macrophage colony stimulating factor, interleukin 7, interleukin 15

      • Danger signals—for example, CpG motifs, Bacillus Calmette–Guerin, imiquimod cream

      • Androgen deprivation therapy

    2. Regulation of immune inhibitors:

      • Denileukin diftitox

      • Cyclophosphamide

      • Anti-ctla-4 antibody

  3. Multiple vaccine therapies

    1. Diversified prime–boost regimens—for example, DNA–modified Vaccinia ankara, Vaccinia–fowlpox

    2. Combinations targeting various tumour antigens

  4. Phenotypic alteration of tumour cells to enhance T cell– mediated lysis

    1. Irradiation of tumour or tumour cells:

      • External-beam

      • Radiolabelled MAb

      • Chelated radionuclide

    2. Certain chemotherapeutics:

      • 5-Fluorouracil, cisplatin

  5. Dose scheduling of vaccine in relation to combination therapy

    • Vaccines initiate a dynamic process, which can be potentiated by subsequent therapies

      • Several reports suggest better clinical efficacy of certain agents post vaccine:

        • Docetaxel

        • Androgen receptor antagonist (nilutamide)

        • Other chemotherapeutics