dsRNA-dependent induction of ISGs and IFNβ in U4C and P2.1 cells. (A) Serum-deprived U4C and P2.1 cells were untreated or treated with 100 μg/ml of dsRNA for the times indicated. The levels of ISG54, IRF-1, 9–27, and γ-actin mRNAs were determined by RNase protection. (B) Dominance of the dsRNA-resistant phenotype in P2.1 cells. Puromycin-resistant P2.1 cells were fused with hygromycin-resistant U4C cells, and the inducibility of ISG54 mRNA was analyzed in the cell population resistant to both drugs by RNase protection. The cells were untreated (lanes 1, 4, and 7) or treated with 100 μg/ml of dsRNA for 3 or 16 hr. (C) IFNβ gene induction by dsRNA in P2.1 and U4C cells. The cells were left untreated (lane 1) or treated with 100 μg/ml of dsRNA for 7 h (lanes 2–4). IFNβ mRNA levels were analyzed by reverse transcription–PCR. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA levels were analyzed as an internal control.