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. 2007 Dec 26;2(12):e1360. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001360

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Pietersen et al.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are properly credited.

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Fear conditioning (FC) increased cFos expression as compared to the NFC group in the anterior cingulate (p = 0.003; A), nucleus accumbens shell (p<0.0001; B), and paraventricular nucleus (p<0.0001; C), anterior basolateral amygdala (p = 0.002; D) and lateral amygdala (p<0.0001; E). Ketamine blocked the effect of fear conditioning (FC vs. FC+Ket) in the anterior cingulate (p<0.0001; A), nucleus accumbens shell (p = 0.002; B), paraventricular nucleus (p<0.0001; C), anterior basolateral amygdala (p = 0.001) and lateral amygdala (p = 0.004). As hypothesized, clozapine was able to counteract the blockade of ketamine on fear conditioning (FC+Ket vs. FC+Ket+Cloz) in the anterior cingulate (p<0.0001), nucleus accumbens shell (p = 0.001), paraventricular nucleus (p = 0.001), anterior basolateral amygdala (p<0.0001) and lateral amygdala (p<0.0001). A slight restoration by haloperidol was noted in the anterior cingulate (p = 0.042). Cloz, clozapine; FC, fear conditioning; Halo, haloperidol; Ket, Ketamine; LY, LY 379278; NFC, no fear conditioning.