Table 1.

Biological evaluation of DBT (in vitro studies)

Findings	Model	Treatment	Reference
The 5:1 ratio DBT showed stronger effects in stimulating MG-63 cell proliferation and induced ALP activity to the highest level among all groups.	Cultured human MG-63 osteosarcoma cells	DBT of various ratios of RA and RAS, compared with β-estradiol and negative control	Dong et al. [19]
The 5:1 ratio DBT showed the strongest effect in inducing the estrogen-driven promoter activity than RA, RAS alone or the extracts of other ratios.	Cultured MCF-7 cells	DBT of various ratios of RA and RAS, compared with β-estradiol and negative control	Dong et al. [19]
The ratios 5:1 and 7:1 DBT showed higher levels of activity in preventing platelet aggregation.	ADP induced-platelet aggregation in blood from adult New Zealand white rabbits	DBT of various ratios of RA and RAS, compared with ticlopidine and negative control	Dong et al. [19]
DBT induced cell proliferation, interleukin-2 secretion and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) in cultured T-lymphocytes. The 5:1 ratio DBT showed the strongest immuno-modulatory effects.	Cultured T-lymphocytes and macrophages	DBT of various ratios of RA and RAS, compared with PHA, PMA, Zymosan A and negative control	Gao et al. [23]