Table 1.

The species of Pemphigus in which soldiers have been sought

Species	Distribution	Host-alternating?	Soldiers present?	Reference
P. bursarius (Linnaeus)	Worldwide	Yes	Yes	[15]
P. dorocola Matsumura	Japan, Korea, Siberia	Yes	Yes	[23, 46]
P. gairi Stroyan	UK	Yes	Yes	[15]
P. monophagus Maxson	Western North America	No	Yes	[31]
P. obesinymphae Aoki & Moran	USA	Yes	Yes	[47, 48]
P. phenax Börner & Blunck	Europe	Yes	Yes	[15]
P. populi Courchet	Europe, Asia	Yes	No	[15]
P. protospirae Lichtenstein	Europe, central Asia	Yes	Yes	[15]
P. spyrothecae Passerini	Europe to westernSiberia	No	Yes	[22, 24]

The three species that were subject to detailed ecological study are shown in bold typeface. (After Rhoden and Foster [15])