Hydroxyl radical footprints of RNAP or purified α bound to rrnB P1 promoters containing either the 4192 UP element (A) or the rrnB P1 UP element (B). DNA fragments were labeled in the nontemplate strand at position +50. Lanes 1 and 6, A+G sequence markers; lanes 2, 5, 7, and 10, no protein; lanes 3 and 7, purified α; lanes 4 and 9, WT RNAP. The protected regions in the UP element and core promoter are indicated by vertical bars at the right of each panel.