Table 2.

Taxa and uses of USOs exploited by Ugalla chimpanzees

Family	Species*	Uses†
Fabaceae	B. bussei	E
Fabaceae	D. kilimandscharicus	M
Rubiaceae	F. quarrei	cM
Asclepiadaceae	R. welwitschi	cE, cM
Smilacaceae	Smilax sp.	cE, cM
Taccaceae	T. leontopetaloides	E, M

E, edible and documented nutritional consumption; cE, congeners edible and documented nutritional consumption; M, documented medicinal ingestion; cM, documented medicinal ingestion of congener.

*One species was not identified. Ugalla chimpanzees also eat the USOs of Costus macranthus (Zingiberaceae), but it was not included in our analyses because its USOs are barely subsurficial and were simply plucked manually from the ground, without excavation of soils.

^†There are no previous reported cases of ingestion or use by chimpanzees of USOs belonging to the genera excavated at Ugalla, but all have previously documented uses among humans as food or medicine (26–32), except for B. bussei, which was also found to be edible and of pleasant taste (R.A.H.-A. and J.M., unpublished observations).