Table 12.
Studies of the effect of lithium and pilocarpine to induce seizures in rats.
| Species, strain | Lithium | Experimental design | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rat, SD | Li s.c. | Li added to PIL, physostigmine, or arecoline, s.c. | SE induced by Li-PIL and by Li-arecoline | (Honchar et al., 1983) |
| Rat | Li s.c. | Li-PIL | SE induced | (Clifford et al., 1987) |
| Rat, SD | Li i.p. | Li-PIL, then anticonvulsants | SE induced. Atropine, phenobarbital, diazepam, CBZ prevented SE. VPA increased latency to SE. Paraldehyde prevented SE, and was the only drug capable of terminating SE once induced | (Morrisett et al., 1987a) |
| Rat, SD | Li i.p. or chow | Li added to PIL, arecoline, or physostigmine, s.c. | SE induced. Li potentiated proconvulsant effects of arecoline and physostigmine | (Morrisett et al., 1987b) |
| Rat, SD | Li s.c. | Li-PIL. Groups tested later for Li-induced CTA | Less CTA in rats that had been SE two months before. Both acquisition and memory of CTA impaired | (Venugopal and Persinger, 1988) |
| Rat, SD | Li i.p. | Li-PIL, in rats of different ages | SE first seen in 7-10 day old rats, but only consistently induced at 11-14 days | (Hirsch et al., 1992) |
| Rat, W | Li i.p. | Li-PIL i.p. Nifedipine, atropine, or calcium channel agonist given pre-PIL to see if they affected SE | SE induced, prevented by atropine but increased by calcium channel agonist. Nifedipine increased mortality | (Wielosz et al., 1995) |
| Rat, W | Li i.p. | Li-PIL. Effect of various adenosinergic agents on SE studied | SE reliably induced, prevented by adenosine and adenosinergic agents | (George and Kulkarni, 1997b) |
| Rat, W | Li i.p. | 30 mg/kg PIL s.c.21 hrs after LiCl. Selective DA receptor antagonists also administered, 30 min. prior to PIL | SE reliably induced, prevented (not reversed) by D2 agonist and D1 antagonist | (George and Kulkarni, 1997a) |
| Rat, W | Li i.p. | Li-PIL | SE induced, blocked by atropine | (Marinho et al., 1997) |
| Rat, SD | Li i.p. | Li-PIL | SE induced, with spatial learning deficits and histological damage | (Wu et al., 2001) |
| Rat, W | Li i.p. | Li-PIL | SE induced. Pathologic EEG activity | (Suchomelova et al., 2002) |
| Rat, SD | Li i.p. | Li-PIL, then MWM | SE induced; SE rats that received topiramate performed better in Morris water maze than SE rats that received saline | (Cha et al., 2002) |
| Rat, SD | Li i.p. | Li-PIL | SE induced | (Nehlig et al., 2002) |
Abbreviations: CBZ: carbamazepine; CTA: conditioned taste aversion; DA: dopamine; EEG: electroencephalograph; i.p.: intraperitoneally; Li: lithium; MWM: Morris Water Maze; PIL: pilocarpine; s.c.: subcutaneously; SD: Sprague-Dawley; SE: status epilepticus; VPA: valproic acid; W: Wistar.
Column “Lithium” is administration route of lithium or alternate mood stabilizer, if noted.