Figure 6.

The “Cl⁻-dump” experiment: raw traces. Liposomes reconstituted with CLC-ec1 at the indicated protein density (μg/mg) and loaded with 300 mM Cl⁻ were suspended in 1 mM Cl⁻ medium, and external Cl⁻ concentration was monitored. Efflux was initiated by addition of Vln + FCCP . After most of the transporting liposomes had dumped their Cl⁻, detergent was added to release Cl⁻ from the entire population of liposomes. Released Cl⁻ is shown normalized to the fully dumped value. Experimental time courses (black traces) are fit with exponentials (red) as described in Materials and methods.