Table 1. Bivariate analysis of factors associated with tungiasis infestation.
| Examined n | Positive n (%) | OR (95% confidence interval) | P value | |
| Socio-demographic factors | ||||
| Sex | ||||
| Female | 258 | 111 (43.0) | Reference | |
| Male | 299 | 141 (47.2) | 1.18 (0.83–1.68) | 0.35 |
| Age group (years) | ||||
| ≤14 | 329 | 198 (60.2) | 9.00 (5.34–15.58) | <0.0001 |
| 15–39 | 153 | 22 (14.4) | Reference | |
| ≥40 | 75 | 32 (42.7) | 4.43 (2.22–8.88) | <0.0001 |
| Religion | ||||
| Christian | 445 | 203 (45.6) | Reference | |
| Muslim | 75 | 36 (48.0) | 1.10 (0.65–1.85) | 0.71 |
| None/other | 37 | 13 (35.1) | 0.65 (0.29–1.36) | 0.23 |
| Education | ||||
| Primary school completed | 127 | 14 (11.0) | Reference | |
| Illiterate/Primary school not completed | 430 | 238 (55.4) | 10.00 (5.48–19.43) | <0.0001 |
| Occupation | ||||
| School | 380 | 203 (53.4) | 2.77 (1.83–4.22) | <0.0001 |
| Worker/employed | 157 | 46 (29.3) | Reference | |
| Unemployed/Retiree | 20 | 3 (15.0) | 0.42 (0.07–1.58) | 0.29 |
| Housing and associated factors | ||||
| Distance to river (walking time) | ||||
| <15 min | 199 | 92 (46.2) | 1.06 (0.74–1.53) | 0.79 |
| ≥15 min | 358 | 160 (44.7) | Reference | |
| Type of house construction | ||||
| Bricks | 414 | 150 (36.2) | Reference | |
| Adobe | 123 | 83 (67.5) | 3.65 (2.34–5.75) | <0.0001 |
| Palm products | 20 | 19 (95.0) | 33.44 (5.18–1394.30) | <0.0001 |
| Type of floor inside house | ||||
| Concrete | 280 | 44 (15.7) | Reference | |
| Sand/Clay | 277 | 208 (75.1) | 16.17 (10.40–25.24) | <0.0001 |
| Toilet | ||||
| Pit latrine/WC | 194 | 61 (31.4) | Reference | |
| None | 363 | 191 (52.6) | 2.42 (1.65–3.56) | <0.0001 |
| Water Supply | ||||
| Exclusively well/tank | 185 | 34 (18.4) | Reference | |
| Well and river | 268 | 133 (49.6) | 4.38 (2.76–7.01) | <0.0001 |
| Exclusively river | 104 | 85 (81.7) | 19.86 (10.25–38.99) | <0.0001 |
| Waste disposal | ||||
| Burnt | 98 | 29 (29.6) | Reference | |
| Disposed on compound | 326 | 138 (42.3) | 1.75 (1.05–2.95) | 0.025 |
| Disposed outside compound | 133 | 85 (63.9) | 4.21 (2.32–7.68) | <0.0001 |
| Electricity | ||||
| Yes | 373 | 138 (37.0) | Reference | |
| No | 184 | 114 (61.9) | 2.77 (1.90–4.06) | <0.0001 |
| Animals on compound | ||||
| Pigs | ||||
| Yes | 111 | 101 (91.0) | 19.73 (9.87–43.43) | <0.0001 |
| No | 446 | 151 (33.9) | Reference | |
| Dogs | ||||
| Yes | 106 | 61 (57.6) | 1.85 (1.18–2.90) | 0.007 |
| No | 451 | 191 (42.4) | Reference | |
| Cats | ||||
| Yes | 57 | 34 (59.7) | 1.91 (1.05–3.50) | 0.025 |
| No | 500 | 218 (43.6) | Reference | |
| Goats and/or chickens | ||||
| Yes | 273 | 117 (42.9) | 0.83 (0.58–1.17) | 0.27 |
| No | 284 | 135 (47.5) | Reference | |
| Knowledge. attitudes and practices | ||||
| Knowledge on possible causes of tungiasis | ||||
| Sand/animals | 416 | 141 (33.9) | Reference | |
| Other/does not know | 141 | 111 (78.7) | 7.22 (4.51–11.73) | <0.0001 |
| Use of closed footwear | ||||
| Regularly | 318 | 87 (27.3) | Reference | |
| No/Occasionally | 239 | 165 (69.0) | 5.92 (4.03–8.71) | <0.0001 |
| Resting place | ||||
| Inside the house | 299 | 60 (20.1) | Reference | |
| Outside the house | 258 | 192 (74.4) | 11.58 (7.63–17.06) | <0.0001 |
| Use of soap for bathing | ||||
| Yes | 496 | 203 (40.9) | Reference | |
| No | 61 | 49 (80.3) | 5.89 (2.99–12.45) | <0.0001 |
| Type of prevention used | ||||
| Commercialized insecticides | 53 | 5 (9.4) | Reference | |
| Water/other/none | 504 | 247 (49.0) | 9.27 (3.59–30.10) | <0.0001 |
| Method of treatment used | ||||
| Treatment by paramedical personnel | 85 | 14 (16.5) | Reference | |
| Self-treatment* | 326 | 203 (62.3) | 8.36 (4.42–16.71) | <0.0001 |
| None | 146 | 35 (24.0) | 1.6 (0.77–3.45) | 0.24 |
*: manipulation of lesions with non-sterile perforation instruments (such as needles. thorns). as well as application of hot oil. herbs etc.