TABLE 1—
Sociodemographic, Physical Environmental, Social Environmental, and Interpersonal Factors and Physical Activity Among Dog Owners and Nonowners: RESIDential Environment Survey, September 2003–March 2005
| Characteristic | Dog Owners (n = 804) | Nonowners (n = 1009) | P |
| Sociodemographic | |||
| Men, % | 36.1 | 44.0 | .001 |
| Mean age, y (SD) | 39.4 (11.6) | 40.5 (12.1) | .049 |
| Born in Australia, % | 61.1 | 53.8 | .002 |
| Marital status, % | .232 | ||
| Married/cohabitating | 82.8 | 80.4 | |
| Separated/divorced/widowed | 6.6 | 8.7 | |
| Single | 10.6 | 10.9 | |
| Education, % | .032 | ||
| 12 years or less | 41.0 | 38.1 | |
| Trade school or apprentice | 38.8 | 36.4 | |
| Undergraduate degree or greater | 20.2 | 25.5 | |
| Employment status, % | .069 | ||
| Employed | 83.5 | 80.6 | |
| Unemployed | 13.0 | 13.6 | |
| Retired | 3.5 | 5.8 | |
| Occupation, % | .017 | ||
| Management/administration | 15.3 | 15.1 | |
| Professional | 25.2 | 29.8 | |
| Blue collar | 17.4 | 16.9 | |
| Clerical, sales, service industry | 26.7 | 20.6 | |
| Not in workforce | 15.3 | 17.6 | |
| Annual household income, Aus $, % | .102 | ||
| ≤ 49 999 | 23.7 | 27.8 | |
| 50 000–69 999 | 24.3 | 25.4 | |
| 70 000–89 999 | 23.7 | 22.9 | |
| ≥ 90,000 | 28.3 | 23.9 | |
| Children under 18 y living at home, % | 68.3 | 70.6 | .167 |
| Mean age of children living at home, y (SD) | 8.65 (5.4) | 6.90 (5.1) | < .001 |
| Type of residence, % | < .001 | ||
| Single-family dwelling | 90.9 | 79.4 | |
| Semiattached | 5.6 | 10.7 | |
| Apartment | 3.3 | 9.7 | |
| Mobile home | 0.3 | 0.3 | |
| Physical environmental subscalesa | |||
| Mixed-access land use, mean (SD) | 3.41 (0.63) | 3.45 (0.59) | .204 |
| Aesthetics, mean (SD) | 3.43 (0.69) | 3.32 (0.68) | .001 |
| Walking facilities, mean (SD) | 3.38 (0.58) | 3.36 (0.59) | .650 |
| Park or nature reserve that is easily accessible, mean (SD) | 4.23 (0.74) | 4.06 (0.83) | < .001 |
| Street connectivity, mean (SD) | 3.14 (0.45) | 3.13 (0.45) | .514 |
| Pedestrian/traffic safety, mean (SD) | 3.20 (0.53) | 3.19 (0.53) | .765 |
| Crime safety, mean (SD) | 3.45 (0.65) | 3.42 (0.66) | .233 |
| Social environmental subscales | |||
| Perceived social support for walking, mean (SD)b | |||
| Family | 2.75 (1.26) | 2.59 (1.24) | .008 |
| Friends | 1.54 (0.90) | 1.61 (0.94) | .118 |
| Perceived social support for other physical activity, mean (SD)b | |||
| Family | 2.24 (1.16) | 2.13 (1.14) | .042 |
| Friends | 1.71 (1.01) | 1.74 (1.05) | .614 |
| Neighborhood social cohesion,a mean (SD) | 3.03 (0.72) | 2.93 (0.69) | .002 |
| Intrapersonal items and subscales | |||
| Intention, mean (SD)c | |||
| Walk for 30 min on ≥ 5 d/wk | 4.61 (2.11) | 4.11 (2.17) | < .001 |
| Vigorous leisure-time physical activity for total three 20-min sessions/wk | 3.87 (2.30) | 3.72 (2.32) | .157 |
| Other moderate leisure-time physical activity for 30 min on ≥ 5 d/wk | 4.10 (2.02) | 3.83 (2.06) | .005 |
| Enjoyment of walking in neighborhooda | 4.09 (0.73) | 4.02 (0.77) | .068 |
| Attitude toward process of trying to walk on most days, mean (SD)d | 5.67 (1.20) | 5.60 (1.25) | .225 |
| Self-efficacy, mean (SD)e | 3.27 (0.95) | 3.11 (0.94) | .001 |
| Perceived behavioral control, mean (SD)c | 5.15 (1.73) | 4.78 (1.87) | < .001 |
| Behavioral skills, mean (SD)f | 2.21 (1.40) | 2.02 (1.31) | .003 |
| Physical activity in a usual week | |||
| Minutes of physical activity, mean (SD) | |||
| Total physical activity | 322.4 (338.3) | 267.1 (311.9) | < .001 |
| Walking for recreation in neighborhood | 86.0 (108.0) | 52.9 (86.5) | < .001 |
| Total walking in neighborhood | 114.1 (135.7) | 77.8 (109.8) | < .001 |
| Total walking for recreation | 109.6 (134.4) | 70.8 (109.5) | < .001 |
| Total walking | 150.3 (174.9) | 110.9 (144.4) | < .001 |
| Frequency in a usual week, mean (SD) | |||
| Total physical activity | 8.74 (15.77) | 7.71 (17.27) | .206 |
| Walking for recreation in neighborhood | 2.75 (3.05) | 1.50 (2.20) | < .001 |
| Total walking in neighborhood | 3.93 (4.37) | 2.94 (3.94) | < .001 |
| Total walking for recreation | 3.26 (3.57) | 1.91 (2.64) | < .001 |
| Total walking | 4.96 (5.55) | 4.05 (5.30) | .001 |
| Walking with dog in neighborhood | 2.55 (2.27) | . . . | |
Note. NA = not applicable.
a1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree.
b1 = never; 2 = less than once a month; 3 = at least once a month; 4 = 1–2 times/wk; 5 = 3 or more times/wk.
c1 = very unlikely; 7 = very likely.
d1 = very unpleasant/negative/difficult; 7 = very pleasant/positive/easy.
e1 = sure I could not do it; 5 = sure I could do it.
f1 = never; 5 = most days.