TABLE 1—
Adjusted Odds Ratios (AORs) for Selected Sociodemographic Determinants of Psychosocial Distress Among Children Aged 12 to 17 Years, by Type of Experience: Survey on Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Rural and Urban High Density Zimbabwe, 2004
| Double Orphans | Maternal Orphans | Paternal Orphans | Other Vulnerable Children | ||||||||||
| Determinant | No. (%) | AOR (95% CI) | P | No. (%) | AOR (95% CI) | P | No. (%) | AOR (95% CI) | P | No. (%) | AOR (95% CI) | P | Nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children, No. (%) |
| Total sample | 548 (100) | 281 (100) | 1123 (100) | 543 (100) | 2165 (100) | ||||||||
| Location: Urban and commercial farms vs subsistence farms | 70 (13) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | .969 | 46(17) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | .098 | 128 (12) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.1) | .298 | 85 (18) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.8) | .011 | 273 (13) |
| Povertya: Poorest quintile vs higher | 128 (23) | 1.6 (1.2, 2.0) | <.001 | 43 (15) | 0.9 (0.6, 1.3) | .577 | 232 (21) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | .003 | 87 (16) | 1.0 (0.7, 1.2) | .758 | 359 (17) |
| Gender of household head: Woman vs man | 266 (49) | 2.8 (2.3, 3.3) | <.001 | 87 (31) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.7) | .055 | 854 (76) | 9.3 (7.8, 11.0) | <.001 | 160 (30) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.5) | .061 | 552 (26) |
| Relationship to household head | |||||||||||||
| Not related vs related or self | 24 (4) | 2.3 (1.4, 3.9) | .001 | 17 (6) | 3.4 (1.9, 6.1) | <.001 | 41 (4) | 2.0 (1.3, 3.2) | .002 | 10 (2) | 1.0 (0.5, 2.1) | .915 | 39 (2) |
| Self | 10 (2) | . . . | 5 (2) | . . . | 8 (1) | . . . | 10 (2) | . . . | 0 (0) | ||||
| Age of household head, y: <20 vs ≥ 20 | 26 (5) | 11.5 (5.4, 24.8) | <.001 | 6(2) | 5.0 (1.7, 14.1) | .003 | 19 (2) | 4.1 (1.8, 9.0) | .001 | 15 (3) | 7.0 (3.0, 16.1) | <.001 | 9 (0) |
| Relationship to closest adult: Not related vs related | 125 (23) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | .001 | 59 (21) | 1.4 (1.0, 1.9) | .042 | 217 (19) | 1.3 (1.0, 1.5) | .020 | 80 (15) | 0.9 (0.7, 1.2) | .618 | 341 (16) |
| Support from closest adult: Social Connectedness (index) | 548 (100) | −0.03 (−0.1, 0.1) | .499 | 281 (100) | 0.00 (−0.1, 0.1) | .966 | 1,123 (100) | −0.04 (−0.1, 0.0) | .281 | 543 (100) | 0.02 (−0.1, 0.1) | .661 | 2,165 (100) |
| External psychosocial support: Some support vs no support | 34 (6) | 2.2 (1.5, 3.4) | <.001 | 11 (4) | 1.4 (0.7, 2.6) | .361 | 51 (5) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.3) | .017 | 19 (4) | 1.2 (0.7, 2.0) | .511 | 64 (3) |
| School enrollment: Not enrolled vs enrolled | 174 (33) | 1.5 (1.2, 1.9) | <.001 | 79 (30) | 1.2 (0.9, 1.6) | .300 | 320 (30) | 1.3 (1.1, 1.6) | .002 | 127 (24) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.3) | .702 | 502 (24) |
| Sexual abuse: Forced sexual intercourse vs none | 2 (0) | 2.1 (0.4, 11.7) | .387 | 0 (0) | . . . | 10 (1) | 5.0 (1.6, 16.0) | .007 | 0 (0) | . . . | 4 (2) | ||
| Chronically ill adult in household: Yes vs. no | 43 (8) | . . . | 46 (16) | . . . | 139 (12) | . . . | 214 (39) | . . . | 0 (0) | ||||
Note. CI = confidence interval. Double orphans had lost both of their parents, maternal orphans had lost their mother only, and paternal orphans had lost their father only. Vulnerable children were defined as those who were either living in a household that experienced the death of an adult other than a parent in the last year or who lived in a household with a chronically ill person.
aPoverty was measured in quintiles derived from the Demographic and Health Surveys wealth index.