TABLE 2—
Double Orphans | Maternal Orphans | Paternal Orphans | ||||||||
Determinant | No. | Ba (95% CI) | P | No. | Ba (95% CI) | P | No. | Ba (95% CI) | P | Nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children,b No. |
Age- and gender-adjusted models: Orphan | 548 | 0.25 (0.16, 0.34) | < .001 | 281 | 0.22 (0.10, 0.34) | < .001 | 1123 | 0.13 (0.06, 0.20) | < .001 | 2165 |
Multivariate models | ||||||||||
Orphan | 548 | 0.21 (0.11, 0.30) | < .001 | 281 | 0.19 (0.07, 0.30) | .002 | 1123 | 0.12 (0.04, 0.20) | .003 | 2165 |
Location (compared with subsistence farms): Urban and commercial farms | 70 | 0.21 (0.10, 0.31) | < .001 | 46 | 0.19 (0.07, 0.30) | .001 | 128 | 0.17 (0.07, 0.27) | .001 | 273 |
Poverty: Poorest quintilec | 128 | 0.14 (0.04, 0.23) | .004 | 43 | 0.10 (0.00, 0.20) | .056 | 232 | 0.10 (0.02, 0.19) | .018 | 359 |
Gender of household head: Woman | 266 | −0.08 (−0.16, 0.00) | .047 | 87 | −0.11 (−0.19, −0.02) | .012 | 854 | −0.05 (−0.12, 0.03) | .211 | 552 |
Age of household head: < 20 y | 26 | 0.61 (0.27, 0.95) | < .001 | 6 | 0.75 (0.26, 1.24) | .003 | 19 | 0.01 (−0.35, 0.37) | .954 | 9 |
Relationship of closest adult: Not related | 125 | 0.14 (0.04, 0.23) | .004 | 59 | 0.14 (0.04, 0.25) | .006 | 217 | 0.17 (0.08, 0.25) | < .001 | 341 |
Support from closest adult: Social Connectedness (index) | 548 | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | .100 | 281 | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | .010 | 1123 | −0.04 (−0.07, −0.01) | .014 | 2165 |
External psychosocial support: Some support (compared with none) | 34 | 0.31 (0.12, 0.50) | .002 | 11 | 0.22 (0.00, 0.44) | .049 | 51 | 0.14 (−0.04, 0.32) | .117 | 64 |
School enrollment status: Out of school | 174 | 0.15 (0.06, 0.24) | .001 | 79 | 0.20 (0.11, 0.29) | < .001 | 320 | 0.22 (0.14, 0.30) | < .001 | 502 |
R2 | .054 | .049 | .044 |
Note. CI = confidence interval. Double orphans had lost both of their parents, maternal orphans had lost their mother only, and paternal orphans had lost their father only. Vulnerable children were defined as those who were either living in a household that experienced the death of an adult other than a parent in the last year or who lived in a household with a chronically ill person.
aAdjusted standardized parameter estimate from ordinary least squares regression comparing orphaned and vulnerable children to nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children.
bNo difference was observed among nonorphaned vulnerable children compared with nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children in the age- and gender-adjusted model (P = .316).
cPoverty was measured in quintiles derived from the Demographic and Health Surveys wealth index.