TABLE 2—

Effect of Orphan and Vulnerabilty Status on Psychosocial Distress Among Children Aged 12 to 17 Years After Accounting for the Effects of Observed Intermediate Determinants: Survey on Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in Rural and Urban High Density Zimbabwe, 2004

	Double Orphans			Maternal Orphans			Paternal Orphans
Determinant	No.	Ba (95% CI)	P	No.	Ba (95% CI)	P	No.	Ba (95% CI)	P	Nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children,b No.
Age- and gender-adjusted models: Orphan	548	0.25 (0.16, 0.34)	< .001	281	0.22 (0.10, 0.34)	< .001	1123	0.13 (0.06, 0.20)	< .001	2165
Multivariate models
Orphan	548	0.21 (0.11, 0.30)	< .001	281	0.19 (0.07, 0.30)	.002	1123	0.12 (0.04, 0.20)	.003	2165
Location (compared with subsistence farms): Urban and commercial farms	70	0.21 (0.10, 0.31)	< .001	46	0.19 (0.07, 0.30)	.001	128	0.17 (0.07, 0.27)	.001	273
Poverty: Poorest quintilec	128	0.14 (0.04, 0.23)	.004	43	0.10 (0.00, 0.20)	.056	232	0.10 (0.02, 0.19)	.018	359
Gender of household head: Woman	266	−0.08 (−0.16, 0.00)	.047	87	−0.11 (−0.19, −0.02)	.012	854	−0.05 (−0.12, 0.03)	.211	552
Age of household head: < 20 y	26	0.61 (0.27, 0.95)	< .001	6	0.75 (0.26, 1.24)	.003	19	0.01 (−0.35, 0.37)	.954	9
Relationship of closest adult: Not related	125	0.14 (0.04, 0.23)	.004	59	0.14 (0.04, 0.25)	.006	217	0.17 (0.08, 0.25)	< .001	341
Support from closest adult: Social Connectedness (index)	548	−0.03 (−0.07, 0.01)	.100	281	−0.05 (−0.09, −0.01)	.010	1123	−0.04 (−0.07, −0.01)	.014	2165
External psychosocial support: Some support (compared with none)	34	0.31 (0.12, 0.50)	.002	11	0.22 (0.00, 0.44)	.049	51	0.14 (−0.04, 0.32)	.117	64
School enrollment status: Out of school	174	0.15 (0.06, 0.24)	.001	79	0.20 (0.11, 0.29)	< .001	320	0.22 (0.14, 0.30)	< .001	502
R2		.054			.049			.044

Note. CI = confidence interval. Double orphans had lost both of their parents, maternal orphans had lost their mother only, and paternal orphans had lost their father only. Vulnerable children were defined as those who were either living in a household that experienced the death of an adult other than a parent in the last year or who lived in a household with a chronically ill person.

^aAdjusted standardized parameter estimate from ordinary least squares regression comparing orphaned and vulnerable children to nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children.

^bNo difference was observed among nonorphaned vulnerable children compared with nonorphaned, nonvulnerable children in the age- and gender-adjusted model (P = .316).

^cPoverty was measured in quintiles derived from the Demographic and Health Surveys wealth index.