BDNF mimics effects of estradiol on GAD and GABA immunoreactivity. (a) GAD fluorescence intensity is expressed as a percent of control. Estradiol significantly reduces, and BDNF enhances, GAD immunofluorescence. BDNF-AS mimics the estradiol-induced decrease in GAD whereas RAS is ineffective. (b) Estradiol causes a marked reduction in GABA immunofluorescence, as expected from its action on GAD. BDNF increases GABA, although not significantly, but blocks the estradiol-induced decrease in GABA. (c) A significant increase in the size of GAD positive interneurons was observed at 24 hr of exposure to BDNF. The other time points did not yield significant effects. Estradiol did not decrease the cell size significantly (224.5 ± 22 μm; data not shown).