FIG. 3.

Production of TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-4 was stimulated in CD14⁺ monocytes following treatment with a natural or a synthetic TLR4 agonist. Monocytes were isolated and treated either with solvent-extracted LPS, which stimulates only TLR4, or with E6020. Levels of TNF-α (A), IL-10 (B), IL-4 (C), and IL-5 (D) were measured at 1 and 12 h following treatment. Data are presented as arithmetic means. Error bars, standard deviations. Significant increases (P < 0.05) in TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-4 levels were observed by 12 h (and by 1 h for TNF-α) with both treatments.