Sensitivity of Cacwh41Δ, Carot2Δ, and Camns1Δ null mutants to cell-wall-perturbing agents. Wild type (▴), null mutants (○), and reintegrant controls (•) strains were tested for sensitivity to cell-wall-perturbing agents by using the microdilution method. The strains tested were the Cacwh41Δ (HMY19) (A), Carot2Δ (HMY12) (B), and Camns1Δ (HMY5) (C) null mutants. Error bars indicate the means ± the standard deviation (n = 3). The results are pooled data from duplicate experiments.