TABLE 1.

Clades and subclades proposed by means of MLSA for vibrios

Clade or subclade	Described species included	No. of species	DDH value (%)a	GC (mol%)b	MLSA concatenated similarity (%)	AAI (%)d	Phi teste (P value)	Estimated radiation time(s) for representative pair(s) (108 yrs)f	Habitat
Vibrio clades		57			85.4-98.6	89.0-99.8
Anguillarum	V. anguillarum, V. aestuarianus, and V. ordalii	3	>30	43-46	88.9-98.6	95.7-99.6		0.56 (V. anguillarum/V. ordalii), 3.76 (V. anguillarum/ V. aestuarianus)	Brackish water, seawater, and fish
Cholerae	V. cholerae, V. cincinnatiensis, V. furnissii, V. fluvialis, V. metschnikovii, and V. mimicus	6	NA	44-50	85.4-94.7	92.8-99.6	<0.1	0.30 (V. cholerae/V. mimicus), 1.79 (V. fluvialis/V. furnissii), 3.59 (V. cincinnatiensis/ V. metschnikovii)	Brackish water and seawater
Coralliilyticus	V. coralliilyticus and V. neptunis	2	>64	45-46	95.6	99.6		NT	Seawater, bivalves, and rotifers
Diazotrophicus	V. diazotrophicus and V. hispanicus	2	NA	43-47	91.2	97.0		NT	Brackish water and seawater
Gazogenes	V. aerogenes, V. gazogenes, and V. ruber	3	>32	46-47	NT	NT		NT	Estuary and salt marsh mud
Fischeri	V. fischeri, V. logei, V. salmonicida, and V. wodanis	4	>36	39-42	89.8-94.4b	95.2	<0.1b	3.90 (V. fischeri/V. logei)	Seawater, squid, and fish
Halioticoli	V. halioticoli, V. ezurae, V. gallicus, V. neonatus, and V. superstes	5	>22	39-42	88.0-97.7	94.7-99.5	<0.1	0.23 (V. halioticoli/V. neonatus), 1.11 (V. halioticoli/V. ezurae), 3.65 (V. halioticoli/V. gallicus)	Gut of abalone
Harveyi	V. harveyi, V. alginolyticus, V. campbellii, V. mytili, V. natriegens, V. parahaemolyticus, and V. rotiferianus	8	>25	42-48	90.1-96.2	97.2-99.4	<0.1	0.39 (V. harveyi/V. campbellii), 1.05 (V. harveyi/ V. parahaemolyticus), 1.81 (V. harveyi/V. mytili)	Seawater, salt marsh mud, and marine animals
Nereis	V. nereis and V. xuii	2	>30	39-47	91.2	96.8		NT	Seawater and shrimp
Nigripulchritudo	V. nigripulchritudo and V. penaeicida	2	>36	46-47	89.0c	NT		NT	Seawater and shrimp
Orientalis	V. orientalis, V. brasiliensis, V. hepatarius and V. tubiashii	4	>24	43-46	91.2-94.2	97-97.9	<0.1	3.64 (V. orientalis/V. tubiashii)	Brackish water and seawater
Scopthalmi	V. scophthalmi and V. ichthyoenteri	2	>32	43-44	95.5	99.4		NT	Gut of flat fish
Splendidus	V. splendidus, V. chagasii, V. crassostrea, V. cyclitrophicus, V. fortis, V. gigantis, V. kanaloaei, V. lentus, V. pelagius, V. pomeroyi, and V. tasmaniensis	12	>30	39-47	90.6-96.5	96.5-99.8	<0.1	0.17 (V. splendidus/V. tasmaniensis), 1.61 (V. splendidus/V. chagasii), 2.59 (V. splendidus/ V. pelagius)	Seawater and marine animals
Vulnificus	V. vulnificus and V. navarrensis	2	>30	45-48	88.6	96.4		NT	Sewage, seawater, eel, and oyster
Photobacterium subclades		10			87.5-95.8	98.6-99.4
Damselae	P. damselae	1		42					Seawater and fish
Leiognathi	P. leiognathi and P. angustum	2	>44	40-44	94.0	98.6		1.07	Seawater and luminous organs
Phosphoreum	P. phosphoreum, P. frigidiphilum, and P. iliopiscarius	3	NA	38-43.8	94.24-95.8b	99.4		0.61 (P. phosphoreum/P. iliopiscarius)	Seawater and fish
Profundum	P. profundum, P. indicum, and P. lipolyticum	3	NA	40-42	87.5-92.3b			NT	Deep sea
Rosenbergii	P. rosenbergii	1		47.6-47.9					Seawater and coral

^aData are from references 4 and 5. NA, not available.

^bCalculated based on six genes.

^cCalculated based on five genes.

^dRaw average amino acid identity (10).

^eThe phi test was conducted for clades that included at least four species.

^fThe radiation time was calculated based on average amino acid substitution results (see also Table S3 in the supplemental material). NT, not tested.