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. 2007 Aug 22;81(21):11817–11827. doi: 10.1128/JVI.00590-07

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FIG. 5. — Vaccination with TX91 NS1▴126 resulted in significant protection of lower airways during challenge. The images show microscopic histopathological changes (A1, A2, C, and E) and influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP) antigen staining (B1, B2, D, and F) for the live-vaccine group (A1, A2, B1, and B2) (average pathology/IHC score, 1.86 out of 5), the killed-vaccine group (C and D) (average pathology/IHC score, 3.11 out of 5), and the no-vaccine group (E and F) (average pathology/IHC score, 3.3 out of 5) 4 days after challenge. Split images A1-A2 and B1-B2 illustrate the range of pathology seen in the live-vaccine group. Red arrows point to cells that were positive for the viral antigen inside phagocytes, whereas blue arrows point to positive epithelial cells, indicative of recent active infection. All photographs were taken at an optical magnification of ×20, with an additional digital magnification of ×2.