TABLE 1.
Molecular inducers of LC3 modification and double-membraned vesicle formation
| Inducer | Site of induction | LC3 modification | Formation of double-membraned vesicles | Potential mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Poliovirus 2BC and 3A proteins (coexpressed) | Endoplasmic reticulum | Yes | Yes | Unknown | 20, 47; this report |
| Poliovirus 2BC protein | Endoplasmic reticulum | Yes | No | Unknown | This report |
| Equine arterivirus ns2/ns3 proteins (coexpressed) | Endoplasmic reticulum | NTa | Yes | Unknown | 44 |
| Vibrio cholerae cytolysin-containing supernatants | Plasma membrane | Yes | Yes | V. cholerae toxin known to form pores in plasma membrane | 18 |
| Rapamycin | Cytoplasm | Yes | Yes | Inhibits TOR kinase, affecting the activity of S6 kinase and its targets | 35 |
| Tamoxifen | Plasma membrane | Yes | Yes | Stimulates PI-3 signaling | 4, 41 |
| Concanavalin A in hepatoma cells | Plasma membrane, mitochondria | Yes | Yes | Alters mitochondrial membrane permeability | 5 |
a
NT, not tested, or no data in the published literature.