Fig. 3.

Inhibitory effect of GGA on LPS-mediated production of NO (A) and TNF-α (B). Cells were incubated in the presence or absence of LPS (1 µg/ml) for 24 h (A) or 12 h (B) at 37°C under a 5% CO₂ and 95% air atmosphere. GGA (0, 20, 40, or 80 µM) was added 2 h before the addition of LPS. The levels of NO and TNF-α were measured as described in Materials and Methods. Data points represent the means ± SE (n = 3). ^ap<0.05, ^bp<0.01 vs LPS alone-treated cells.