Fig. 4.

Effect of GGA on LPS-mediated iNOS induction in RAW 264 cells. Cells were incubated in the presence or absence of LPS (1 µg/ml) for 24 h at 37°C under a 5% CO₂ and 95% air atmosphere. GGA (0, 20, 40, or 80 µM) was added 2 h before the addition of LPS. iNOS level was analyzed by Western blotting, quantified densitometrically and expressed as relative density to control cells. Data points represent the means ± SE (n = 3). ^ap<0.01 vs control, ^bp<0.01 vs LPS alone, ^cp<0.05 vs LPS alone, ^dp<0.05 vs LPS (1 µg/ml) + GGA (80 µM).