Fig. 9.

TNF-α release from RAW 264 cells after LPS stimulation in the presence or absence of serum and its inhibition by GGA. Cells were incubated with LPS (1 µg/ml) in the presence (closed column) or absence (open column) of serum for 4 h at 37°C under a 5% CO₂ and 95% air atmosphere. GGA (80 µM) was added 2 h before the addition of LPS. TNF-α level was measured as described in Materials and Methods. Data points represent the means ± SE (n = 3). ^ap<0.01 vs LPS alone-treated cells in the presence of serum. ^bp<0.05 vs LPS alone-treated cells in the absence of serum.