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. 2003 Aug 4;162(3):469–479. doi: 10.1083/jcb.200212067

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Copyright © 2003, The Rockefeller University Press

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Figure 10. — A model for asymmetric apoptosis of NP daughter cells due to the asymmetric distribution of nestin and PAR-4 proteins. Before mitosis or during S-phase, NP cells up-regulate the expression of nestin, PAR-4, and ceramide. During cell division, ceramide is distributed equally to the daughter cells, whereas PAR-4 and nestin are restricted to different daughter cells. The daughter cell with simultaneous presence of PAR-4 and ceramide will die due to apoptosis, whereas the one containing ceramide and nestin will again divide or differentiate. Conversion of ceramide to sphingomyelin and/or glycosphingolipids due to up-regulation of sphingomyelin or glucosyl- or galactosylceramide biosynthesis protects this cell from apoptosis on further cell division or differentiation.