TABLE 5.
Rates of Selected Obstetric Interventions, 1975–2000
| Rate per 100 births | 1975 | 1980 | 1985 | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amniotomy | 3.2 | 8.2 | 17.2 | 20.0 | 22.3 | |
| Labor induction w/medical indication | 1.1 | 1.7 | 5.6 | 9.7 | 11.7 | |
| Induction of labor (total) | 9.5 | 16.0 | 19.9 | |||
| Augmentation of labor | 11.4 | 16.1 | 17.9 | |||
| Electronic fetal monitoring | 22.3 | 54.8 | 63.4 | 73.2 | 81.3 | 84.0 |
| Cesarean birth | 10.4 | 16.5 | 22.7 | 23.5 | 20.8 | 22.9 |
| Cesarean birth primarya | 7.8 | 12.1 | 16.3 | 16.8 | 15.5 | 16.1 |
| Cesarean birth repeatb | 27.1 | 29.9 | 34.6 | 35.9 | 33.9 | 37.9 |
| Vaginal birth after cesareanc | 2.2 | 3.4 | 6.6 | 20.4 | 35.5 | 27.6 |
| Rate per 100 vaginal births | ||||||
| Operative vaginal birth | ||||||
| Forceps birth | 17.6 | 12.5 | 8.6 | 5.8 | 4.0 | |
| Vacuum | 0.7 | 2.2 | 6.1 | 9.2 | 8.4 | |
| Episiotomy | 64.0 | 61.1 | 55.6 | 47.2 | 32.7 |
a
Rate per 100 births without previous cesarean.
b
Rate per 100 cesarean births.
c
Rate per 100 births with previous cesarean birth.
Source: Simpson, K. R., & Atterbury, J. (2003). Trends and issues in labor induction in the United States: Implications for clinical practice. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing, 32(6), 767–779.