Table 4.

Construct validity for excellence and measurement validity of discussed ranking systems

	Construct validity for excellence		Measurement validity
	Research	Education
Shanghai
Alumni, Nobel/Fields	-	-	++
Faculty, Nobel/Fields	+++	+	++
Faculty, highly-cited	++	+	+
Nature/Science articles	++	-	+++
Number of articles	-	-	+
Size	-	-	-
Times
Peer opinion	+++	+++	-
Graduate recruiter opinion	-	+	-
International faculty	+	+	?
International students	-	+	?
Student-faculty ratio	-	+	?
Citations per faculty	++	-	+
Other rankings
Web presence	+	+	+
Funding	+	-	+

-, Poor; +, low/modest; ++, good; +++, very good; ?, unknown (insufficient detail provided on the reliability of databases).