Table 1.
Birth defects associated with CDH
| Lungs and pleura |
| Airway dilatation and alveolarization defects |
| Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation |
| Hypoplasia (primary and secondary) |
| Persistent pulmonary hypertension and associated vascular changes |
| Pleural defects |
| Pulmonary sequestration |
| Heart, pericardium, and great vessels |
| Arterial stenosis, tortuosity, or aneurysms |
| ASD, VSD, and AVC defects |
| Hypoplastic ventricles |
| Pericardial defects (including agenesis) |
| Gastrointestinal tract |
| Aplasia of liver lobes |
| Accessory liver lobe |
| Hepatic hemangioendothelioma or hamartoma |
| Liver cysts |
| Malrotation |
| Tracheo-esophageal fistula or esophageal atresia |
| GU tract |
| Bicornuate uterus |
| Cryptorchidism |
| Hypospadias |
| Male-to-female sex reversal |