Table 2.

Relative Metabolite Levels in Wild Type and Psy-1–Overexpressing Fruit at the Mature Green and Ripe Stages of Fruit Development and Ripening

Metabolite	Wild-Type MG:Psy-1 MG	Wild-Type MG:Wild-Type Ripe	Wild-Type Ripe:Psy-1 Ripe	Psy-1 MG:Psy-1 Ripe
Organic acids
Aconitic acid	0.71 ± 0.05*	0.98 ± 0.30	0.69 ± 0.07	1.10 ± 0.10
Ascorbic acid	1.32 ± 0.30	30.70 ± 4.80***	1.40 ± 0.30	32.40 ± 2.40***
Citramalic acid	0.90 ± 0.03	3.40 ± 0.30**	3.20 ± 0.40***	11.80 ± 1.50**
Citric acid	0.62 ± 0.1**	0.92 ± 0.02	1.40 ± 0.03***	2.03 ± 0.24***
Dehydroascorbic acid	0.00 ND***	2.00 ± 0.22*	2.20 ± 0.10***	∼10.00#***
Fumaric acid	0.60 ± 0.08*	0.20 ± 0.04***	1.10 ± 0.11	0.38 ± 0.02**
Galactonic acid	0.56 ± 0.03	1.00 ± 0.05	0.80 ± 0.04*	1.50 ± 0.07***
Galacturonic acid	0.00 ND***	1.80 ± 0.45*	0.64 ± 0.04*	∼10.00#***
Glucaric acid	0.28 ± 0.05**	0.09 ± 0.04**	0.98 ± 0.14	0.30 ± 0.04***
Glycerate	1.00 ± 0.20	0.30 ± 0.00***	1.20 ± 0.10	0.20 ± 0.02***
Glycolate	0.82 ± 0.07	0.40 ± 0.07**	0.92 ± 0.10	0.50 ± 0.04***
Gluconic acid	0.97 ± 0.05	1.90 ± 0.10**	0.76 ± 0.07*	1.50 ± 0.13**
Lactic acid	0.83 ± 0.10	2.20 ± 0.17**	1.40 ± 0.08**	3.60 ± 0.40***
Malic acid	0.80 ± 0.04	0.32 ± 0.01***	1.04 ± 0.03	0.41 ± 0.01***
Oxalic acid	0.08 ± 0.01***	0.03 ± 0.00***	1.60 ± 0.40	1.40 ± 0.20
2-Oxoglutaric acid	0.00 ND***	0.05 ± 0.02*	2.60 ± 1.00	∼10.00#***
Quinic acid	0.20 ± 0.01**	0.40 ± 0.01*	0.83 ± 0.08	2.10 ± 0.21***
Succinic acid	0.60 ± 0.03*	0.24 ± 0.01**	0.94 ± 0.06	0.40 ± 0.02***
Tartaric acid	0.82 ± 0.04	3.00 ± 0.15**	1.10 ± 0.10	3.90 ± 0.40***
Threonic acid	1.10 ± 0.20	0.50 ± 0.10*	0.70 ± 0.10	0.60 ± 0.10*
Amino acids
Ala	2.00 ± 0.40*	2.02 ± 0.40*	1.50 ± 0.20*	1.40 ± 0.08*
β-Ala	0.92 ± 0.10	0.10 ± 0.02***	4.70 ± 1.80***	0.30 ± 0.03***
4-Aminobutryic acid	0.90 ± 0.03	0.10 ± 0.03***	3.50 ± 1.40***	0.30 ± 0.02***
Asn	7.50 ± 1.70*	10.0 ± 1.20***	2.60 ± 0.43*	25.60 ± 5.00**
Asp	1.50 ± 0.30	2.80 ± 0.03**	1.50 ± 0.10**	2.60 ± 0.20***
Cys	0.00 ND***	0.40 ± 0.20	1.80 ± 0.30*	∼10.00#***
Glu	1.60 ± 0.20*	4.60 ± 0.10***	0.94 ± 0.01	2.60 ± 0.27***
Gln	1.30 ± 0.30	0.46 ± 0.16*	3.00 ± 0.30*	1.03 ± 0.40
Gly	1.00 ± 0.10	0.14 ± 0.02***	4.10 ± 0.22***	0.55 ± 0.03**
5-Hydroytryptamine	1.40 ± 0.40	1.33 ± 0.10	1.40 ± 0.11	1.30 ± 0.14
Leu	0.42 ± 0.01***	0.20 ± 0.00***	0.40 ± 0.02***	1.00 ± 0.04
Lys	2.20 ± 0.50*	8.10 ± 0.30***	1.10 ± 0.02	4.00 ± 0.35***
5-Oxo-proline	1.20 ± 0.20	1.54 ± 0.08*	1.00 ± 0.10	1.30 ± 0.30
Ser	0.70 ± 0.10*	0.40 ± 0.08**	3.10 ± 0.32***	2.00 ± 0.20**
Thr	0.85 ± 0.11	0.80 ± 0.10	1.60 ± 0.08**	1.30 ± 0.03*
Val	1.00 ± 0.15	0.11 ± 0.02**	3.50 ± 0.02***	0.40 ± 0.06**
Fatty acids
Linoleic acid	0.57 ± 0.03*	0.11 ± 0.02***	1.80 ± 0.15**	0.40 ± 0.05***
Oleic acid	0.38 ± 0.15*	0.09 ± 0.02*	1.90 ± 0.20*	0.43 ± 0.05***
Palmitic acid	0.42 ± 0.01*	0.15 ± 0.01**	2.00 ± 0.07***	0.71 ± 0.02***
Stearic acid	0.23 ± 0.07*	0.17 ± 0.02**	1.25 ± 0.07	0.90 ± 0.05
Sugars
Arabinose	9.30 ± 1.90***	9.30 ± 0.50***	2.90 ± 0.30**	2.90 ± 0.10**
Deoxyxylulose-5-phosphatea	1.20 ± 0.04	–	–	–
Fructose	0.60 ± 0.14	2.00 ± 0.20*	0.70 ± 0.08	2.50 ± 0.30***
Gentiobiose	0.40 ± 0.07**	2.80 ± 0.30**	2.10 ± 0.30**	15.2 ± 1.6***
Glucose	1.20 ± 0.04	1.83 ± 0.08**	0.86 ± 0.04*	1.30 ± 0.04***
Maltose	0.27 ± 0.007***	0.82 ± 0.02	1.30 ± 0.17	4.00 ± 0.40**
Melezitose	0.15 ± 0.03**	4.00 ± 0.05***	0.70 ± 0.20	18.7 ± 4.8*
Rhamnose	580.50 ± 35.0***	1.40 ± 0.20*	1.20 ± 0.18	0.01 ± 0.00***
Ribose	0.43 ± 0.04*	1.50 ± 0.20*	1.00 ± 0.06	3.70 ± 0.15***
Sucrose	0.50 ± 0.02***	0.65 ± 0.01**	0.45 ± 0.05***	0.54 ± 0.03***
Xylose	0.70 ± 0.04**	1.51 ± 0.22*	1.42 ± 0.20	3.70 ± 0.20***
Polyols
Erythritol	0.80 ± 0.07	0.54 ± 0.02*	1.80 ± 0.05***	1.20 ± 0.06
Glycerol	0.60 ± 0.20	0.20 ± 0.02**	1.50 ± 0.13**	0.40 ± 0.05**
Inositol	0.31 ± 0.10**	0.30 ± 0.03**	0.80 ± 0.07	0.80 ± 0.03
Mannitol	1.70 ± 0.40*	3.01 ± 0.12**	2.54 ± 0.40**	4.50 ± 0.60***
Phosphates
Fructose-6-phosphate	0.49 ± 0.1*	0.21 ± 0.02***	1.50 ± 0.13*	0.30 ± 0.03**
Glucose-6-phosphate	0.05 ± 0.005***	0.02 ± 0.00***	1.40 ± 0.20	0.57 ± 0.06**
Glycerol-3-phosphate	0.93 ± 0.10	0.30 ± 0.06*	1.60 ± 0.10**	0.46 ± 0.07***
Insitol-6-phosphate	0.40 ± 0.02*	0.40 ± 0.05**	1.40 ± 0.07*	1.40 ± 0.07***
Phosphate	1.10 ± 0.09	0.70 ± 0.05*	1.10 ± 0.05	0.80 ± 0.03*
Sorbitol-6-phosphate	0.34 ± 0.02***	0.23 ± 0.01***	0.82 ± 0.03	0.84 ± 0.02*
Sedoheptulose phosphate	49.80 ± 2.50***	245.00 ± 39.00**	16.10 ± 2.10***	7.80 ± 1.20***
N-containing compounds
Putrescine	0.94 ± 0.1	1.10 ± 0.15	1.60 ± 0.13*	0.50 ± 0.07**
Phenylpropanoids/flavonoids
3-Caffeoylquinic	0.40 ± 0.04***	0.33 ± 0.02**	0.70 ± 0.06*	0.60 ± 0.05***
Chlorogenic acid	0.75 ± 0.04	0.29 ± 0.18**	0.82 ± 0.03	0.51 ± 0.02***
Naringenin-chalcone	0.23 ± 0.04**	0.48 ± 0.03**	0.25 ± 0.02**	6.40 ± 0.30***
Quercetin derivatives	1.25 ± 0.13	0.35 ± 0.08**	0.49 ± 0.03*	1.32 ± 0.10*
Terpenoids
Amyrin	1.14 ± 0.10	1.00 ± 0.01	1.14 ± 0.07	1.00 ± 0.01
Campesterol	0.96 ± 0.23	0.62 ± 0.90	1.06 ± 0.20	1.60 ± 0.20
α-Carotene	∼10.00#***	∼10.00#***	0.70 ± 0.10	1.60 ± 0.20
β-Carotene	26.20 ± 2.80***	33.90 ± 1.20***	1.40 ± 0.05	1.81 ± 0.20***
δ-Carotene	∼10.00#***	∼10.00#***	0.70 ± 0.10	1.60 ± 0.20
γ-Carotene	∼10.00#***	∼10.00#***	0.70 ± 0.03	1.60 ± 0.40
ζ-carotene	∼10.00#***	∼10.00#***	1.40 ± 0.10	1.20 ± 0.13
Cycloartenol	0.97 ± 0.26	1.20 ± 0.60	1.01 ± 0.05	1.10 ± 0.06
FPPa	0.78 ± 0.09	–	–	–
GGPPa	0.10 ± 0.004**	–	–	–
GPPa	0.72 ± 0.2	–	–	–
Lutein	2.40 ± 0.20*	1.10 ± 0.20	1.24 ± 0.10	0.55 ± 0.03**
Lycopene	∼10.00#***	∼10.00#***	1.01 ± 0.06	38.10 ± 2.20***
Neoxanthin	1.20 ± 0.08	0.20 ± 0.01***	1.50 ± 0.10	0.20 ± 0.01**
Phytoene	∼10.00#***	∼10.00#***	2.30 ± 0.10**	1.80 ± 0.20**
Phytofluene	∼10.00#***	∼10.00#***	1.80 ± 0.10*	1.80 ± 0.20*
Phytyl-PPa	0.24 ± 0.025*	–	–	–
Sitosterol	1.09 ± 0.11	1.60 ± 0.31	0.70 ± 0.03	0.70 ± 0.14
Stigmasterol	0.87 ± 0.04	3.12 ± 0.50**	0.99 ± 0.06	2.90 ± 0.43**
α-Tocopherol	2.40 ± 0.3**	2.80 ± 0.60*	1.30 ± 0.20	1.30 ± 0.20
γ-Tocopherol	∼10.00#***	∼10.00#***	2.40 ± 1.30	5.70 ± 2.50*
Ubiquinone	0.12 ± 0.02**	2.56 ± 0.50*	1.40 ± 0.30	30.0 ± 3.00**
Violaxanthin	1.30 ± 0.10	0.40 ± 0.03**	1.30 ± 0.04	0.35 ± 0.02**
Zeaxanthin	1.30 ± 0.40	0.50 ± 0.05*	2.20 ± 0.90	0.90 ± 0.40

The Psy-1 variety PS-1C26R2 (T₈) was used. Data have been normalized to sample weight and expressed relative to the wild type either at the mature green (37 d after anthesis) or ripe stage (10 d after breaker). In the case of column 5, data are expressed relative to the Psy-1 mature green samples. Values are represented as means ± se, where n = 6. P values are shown as <0.0001, 0.001, and 0.05 by ***, **, and *, respectively. ∼10.00# is at arbitrary increase due to the absence of one of a metabolite in one of the samples to be compared, while – indicates not determined. Terms in bold indicate a statistically significant increase. ND, not detected in one of the pairwise ratios; MG, mature green.

^aLevels determined from radiolabeling experiments.