TABLE 1.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COTININE-CONFIRMED FORMER SMOKERS WITH VALID FLOW-MEDIATED DILATION MEASURES IN THE EMCAP STUDY AND THE SUBSET WHO DID NOT HAVE CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE
| Former Smokers (n = 107) | Former Smokers without COPD* (n = 63) | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (mean ± SD), yr | 71 ± 5 | 70 ± 5 |
| Female, % | 46 | 46 |
| Ethnicity, % | ||
| White | 83 | 79 |
| African American | 6 | 6 |
| Hispanic | 8 | 10 |
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 3 | 5 |
| Education, % | ||
| Graduate degree | 28 | 24 |
| Four-year college | 32 | 41 |
| High school/some college | 35 | 32 |
| No high school degree | 6 | 3 |
| Cotinine level (mean ± SD), ng/ml | 14 ± 39 | 16 ± 49 |
| Pack-years, mean ± SD | 48 ± 26 | 44 ± 24 |
| Height (mean ± SD), cm | 168 ± 9 | 167 ± 9 |
| BMI (mean ± SD), kg/m2 | 28 ± 4 | 28 ± 4 |
| Physician diagnosis of the following, % | ||
| Hypercholesterolemia | 67 | 67 |
| Hypertension | 46 | 51 |
| Diabetes | 12 | 16 |
| Coronary heart disease | 3 | 3 |
| Cerebrovascular disease | 4 | 3 |
| Peripheral vascular disease | 6 | 3 |
| Congestive heart failure | 2 | 3 |
| Sleep apnea | 6 | 10 |
| Cardiovascular medications, % | ||
| Aspirin | 63 | 63 |
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) | 42 | 41 |
| β-blocker | 12 | 14 |
| ACE inhibitor | 12 | 16 |
| Omega-3 supplement | 35 | 33 |
| Postmenopausal hormones† | 22 | 16 |
| Blood pressure (mean ± SD), mm Hg | ||
| Systolic | 128 ± 15 | 128 ± 16 |
| Diastolic | 73 ± 9 | 73 ± 9 |
| Physician-diagnosed asthma before age 45 yr, % | 9 | 8 |
| MRC-defined chronic bronchitis, % | 19 | 16 |
| COPD medications, % | ||
| Short-acting β-agonists | 13 | 5 |
| Long-acting β-agonists | 14 | 6 |
| Short-acting anticholinergic | 6 | 2 |
| Long-acting anticholinergic | 7 | 0 |
| Theophylline | 0 | 0 |
| Inhaled corticosteroids | 8 | 5 |
| Systemic corticosteroids | 1 | 0 |
| Prebronchodilator FVC (mean ± SD), L | 3.17 ± 0.91 | 3.16 ± 0.77 |
| Prebronchodilator FEV1 (mean ± SD), L | 2.20 ± 0.71 | 2.38 ± 0.62 |
| Prebronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio, mean ± SD | 0.69 ± 0.11 | 0.72 ± 0.08 |
| Post-bronchodilator FVC (mean ± SD), L | 3.25 ± 0.95 | 3.27 ± 0.77 |
| Post-bronchodilator FEV1 (mean ± SD), L | 2.31 ± 0.76 | 2.52 ± 0.59 |
| Post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio, mean ± SD | 0.71 ± 0.11 | 0.77 ± 0.04 |
| Bronchodilator response (mean ± SD), % | 7.6 ± 33 | 10.9 ± 31 |
| COPD,* % | ||
| None | 60 | 100 |
| Mild | 11 | |
| Moderate | 20 | |
| Severe or very severe | 9 | |
| DlCO (mean ± SD), ml/min/mm Hg | 17.8 ± 5.1 | 18.4 ± 4.1 |
| DlCO/Va, mean ± SD | 3.9 ± 0.7 | 4.0 ± 0.6 |
| CT emphysema index (mean ± SD), % | 26.1 ± 10.5 | 24.0 ± 8.6 |
Definition of abbreviations: ACE = angiotensin converting enzyme; BMI = body mass index; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; CT = computed tomography; DlCO = carbon monoxide diffusing capacity; EMCAP = Emphysema and Cancer Action Project; HMG-CoA = 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A; MRC = Medical Research Council; Va = alveolar volume.
*
Defined as post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.70.
†
Among women only.