TABLE 2.
AGE- AND SEX-ADJUSTED MEAN DIFFERENCES IN FLOW-MEDIATED DILATION OF THE BRACHIAL ARTERY (PERCENTAGE OF CHANGE IN ARTERY DIAMETER DURING REACTIVE HYPEREMIA) IN FORMER SMOKERS
| Former Smokers (n = 107)
|
Former Smokers without COPD* (n = 63)
|
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean Difference | Standard Error | Mean Difference | Standard Error | |||
| Age (per 10 yr) | −0.390 | 0.636 | −0.436 | 0.789 | ||
| Gender, female | −0.074 | 0.613 | −0.294 | 0.786 | ||
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| White | Reference | Reference | ||||
| African American | 0.371 | 1.400 | 0.473 | 1.717 | ||
| Hispanic | −0.187 | 1.114 | −0.0979 | 1.358 | ||
| Asian/Pacific Islander | 1.455 | 1.911 | 1.102 | 1.959 | ||
| Education | ||||||
| Graduate degree | Reference | Reference | ||||
| Four-year college | 0.029 | 0.812 | −1.023 | 1.011 | ||
| High school/some college | −0.097 | 0.790 | −1.139 | 1.058 | ||
| No high school degree | −0.482 | 1.433 | −3.081 | 2.324 | ||
| Cotinine level, ng/ml | −0.006 | 0.008 | −0.007 | 0.008 | ||
| Pack-years (per 10 pack-years) | 0.001 | 0.012 | 0.016 | 0.016 | ||
| Height (per 10 cm) | −0.18 | 0.052 | −0.043 | 0.063 | ||
| BMI (per 1 kg/m2) | 0.012 | 0.072 | −0.080 | 0.093 | ||
| Physician diagnosis of the following | ||||||
| Hypercholesterolemia | −0.838 | 0.672 | −0.626 | 0.874 | ||
| Hypertension | −0.555 | 0.616 | −0.658 | 0.779 | ||
| Diabetes | −0.384 | 0.938 | −0.675 | 1.066 | ||
| Coronary heart disease | −0.905 | 1.896 | 0.791 | 2.290 | ||
| Cerebrovascular disease | −1.429 | 1.642 | −2.279 | 2.2278 | ||
| Peripheral vascular disease | −0.276 | 1.335 | 2.560 | 2.240 | ||
| Congestive heart failure | −2.067 | 2.329 | −2.808 | 2.340 | ||
| Sleep apnea | 0.174 | 1.329 | 0.387 | 1.357 | ||
| Medications | ||||||
| Aspirin | −0.447 | 0.637 | 1.009 | 0.807 | ||
| HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor (statin) | −0.250 | 0.650 | −0.445 | 0.836 | ||
| β-blocker | −0.640 | 0.948 | −0.324 | 1.138 | ||
| ACE inhibitor | −0.441 | 0.950 | −0.145 | 1.125 | ||
| Omega-3 supplement | −0.962 | 0.646 | −1.056 | 0.866 | ||
| Postmenopausal hormones | 0.782 | 1.171 | 0.398 | 1.934 | ||
| Blood pressure (per 10 mm Hg) | ||||||
| Systolic | −0.032 | 0.021 | −0.0343 | 0.025 | ||
| Diastolic | 0.048 | 0.034 | 0.0242 | 0.043 | ||
| Physician-diagnosed asthma before age 45 yr | −0.783 | 1.074 | −0.102 | 1.454 | ||
| MRC-defined chronic bronchitis | −0.278 | 0.793 | 0.267 | 1.082 | ||
| COPD medications | ||||||
| Short-acting β-agonists | −1.050 | 0.903 | 2.389 | 1.860 | ||
| Long-acting β-agonists | −1.134 | 0.875 | −1.179 | 1.643 | ||
| Short-acting anticholinergic | −2.825 | 1.315 | ||||
| Long-acting anticholinergic | −1.451 | 1.240 | ||||
| Inhaled corticosteroids | −2.386 | 1.083 | −2.546 | 1.811 | ||
| Systemic corticosteroids | −3.247 | 3.190 | ||||
See Table 1 for definition of abbreviations.
*
Defined as post-bronchodilator FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.70.