Figure 3.

In figure (a), the left side shows five individuals (instances of GFO-Bio's "Individual" category) and the right side contains four categories (instances of GFO-Bio's "Category" category). In addition, a number of relations are illustrated between the individuals, between the categories, and between individuals and categories. The relation R, denoted as II-R, is transitive. Figure (a) and the transitivity of II-R should be seen as the input ontology. In figure (b), the result of a classification using a description logic reasoner is illustrated. Here, the transitivity of the CC-isa relation and the relation II-R is resolved, reflected by the additional links. Figure (c) shows the result from applying the answer set rules formulated in DLVHEX. In this step, the default relationship between two categories, denoted by CC-canonical-R, is resolved. Two additional IC-R links are created for one individual. For the other individual, which instantiates the same category, these links are not created, because the IC-lacks-R relation blocks them.