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The simulated 0-group count from stochastic (A and B) and deterministic (C) realizations of the age-structured model with strong intra- and intercohort interactions (β = −0.3, γ = −0.9). The parameters used for survival and reproduction are: c = 0, λ = 0.4, α = 2, σα2 = 0.01, αconst = 2 (see text). The 100 years of simulation are given after a transient period of 50 years.
