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. 1999 Apr 27;96(9):5072–5076. doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.9.5072

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Trophic structure of the target arthropods associated with P. cenocladum shrubs. Arrows, flow of energy; ●, negative effect caused by consumption. Arrows from the plants to both the ants and beetle larvae are present because both the ants and beetles eat food bodies produced by the plant.