Figure 1.

The net reproductive rate of adult test females was greater when they were continuously housed with monogamy males compared with control males (P = 0.01); control mean = 30 mg eggs per cohort. Test-female survival was greater when mated once to monogamy males compared with control males (P = 0.03); control mean = 0.45 surviving females. Per capita fecundity of once-mated females was unaffected by the type of mate (P = 0.3); control mean = 67 μg of eggs per surviving female per day. All P values were calculated from directed Student’s t tests (37); for each test, n = 4, and df = 2. To permit comparison across assays, the mean value of the control replicates was standardized to 1 in each case. Statistical analyses were conducted by using population values as data (n = 2 experimental + 2 controls), and dispersion within treatments is denoted by the spread between the two replicated populations (A and B) per treatment (see Materials and Methods for details).