The expression of the plant frr gene in E. coli carrying temperature-sensitive RRF is bactericidal even at the permissive temperature, 32°C. (A) At the lag phase. Circles, temperature-sensitive E. coli (LJ2221)/lacIq F′ with temperature-sensitive RRF (Left) or wild-type E. coli RRF (LJ2846)/lacIq F′ (Right), both harboring pKK233–2RRFM (carries t-frrhcp). Squares, the same as above except that bacteria harbored empty vector, pKK233–2. Bacteria (0.05 OD at 540 nm in LB) were divided into two aliquots, incubated with (solid symbols) or without (open symbols) 5 mM isopropyl β-d-thiogalactoside (IPTG) added at 0 time. (B) At the log phase; as in A except that the temperature-sensitive bacteria (0.05 OD at 540 nm in LB) were grown for 6 hr. At the point of the arrow, the culture was divided into two parts and IPTG was added to one of them (solid symbols). Samples were plated onto LA containing 100 μg/ml of ampicillin for viable counts.