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. 2007 Feb 20;274(1614):1189–1197. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2006.0061

Table 2.

Best-fit spatial multi-predictor GLS models of species richness for each biogeographic realm. (Best-fit model results include those from sets that both exclude and include the fit of mid-domain effect (MDE) predictions. See table 1 for abbreviations and methodology.)

predictor 1° MDE fit 1° MDE fit 1° MDE fit






Australasia Afrotropics Indo-Malaya



F1,924 F1,923 F1,2304 F1,2302 F1,874 F1,872
elevation range 30.93−−− 30.75−−−
elevation range2 44.47+++ 44.58+++ 93.14+++ 97.40+++
habitat diversity 27.32+++ 31.27+++
habitat diversity2
NDVI 33.61+++ 27.69+++ 91.17+++ 95.27+++ 12.29+++ 12.99+++
NDVI2 23.39−−− 15.60−−− 38.65−−− 37.68−−− 6.25− 6.46−
temperature 14.38+++ 3.05 3.56 33.77+++ 33.76+++
temperature2 3.53 4.18− 31.05−−− 30.31−−−
population density 1.38 0.51 0.30 0.48 16.73+++ 19.22+++
population density2 1.54 0.54 0.59 0.39 18.61−−− 21.10−−−
agricultural area 0.49 0.46 8.75−− 10.07−− 0.16 0.19
agricultural area2 0.88 1.07 17.49+++ 19.90+++ 0.55 0.60
ice covered/not 4.58* 2.45
MDE 32.89+++ 38.58+++ 0.69
MDE 2 25.61−−− 25.60−−− 3.29
AIC −2382.7 −2382.6 20 380.7 20 339.0 −3796.1 −3778.6
Nearctic Neotropics Palaearctic



F1,2049 F1,2047 F1,2033 F1,2031 F1,5590 F1,5588
elevation range 22.41−−− 24.55−−− 59.79−−− 60.17−−− 69.64−−− 67.49−−−
elevation range2 35.30+++ 38.16+++ 104.96+++ 106.22+++ 110.58+++ 108.29+++
habitat diversity 13.37+++ 12.83+++ 4.92− 4.53− 49.73+++ 52.00+++
habitat diversity2 22.30+++ 21.32+++
NDVI 0.07 0.02 17.10+++ 16.15+++ 81.06+++ 79.31+++
NDVI2 6.17+ 6.64+ 3.59 3.12 38.30−−− 36.68−−−
temperature 42.55+++ 44.61+++ 125.93+++ 123.07+++ 36.13+++ 37.58+++
temperature2 37.39−−− 39.18−−− 110.27−−− 107.24−−− 20.25−−− 22.15−−−
population density 1.26 1.23 7.37++ 6.23+ 9.95++ 9.56++
population density2 3.05 3.07 6.66− 5.22− 4.59− 4.36−
agricultural area 0.62 0.55 1.55 1.89 0.11 0.15
agricultural area2 1.75 1.58 1.81 2.50 0.37 0.49
ice covered/not 1.57 1.68 10.78*** 8.82** 0.12 1.11
MDE 15.95+++ 13.43+++ 37.64+++
MDE 2 11.14−−− 8.25−− 25.28−−−
AIC 14 691.4 14 684.1 20 411.8 20 392.9 43 740.0 43 701.2