Table 1.

Studies where disease transmission through cannibalism has been suggested. (Cases where cannibalism and/or necrophagy are recorded as the major transmission modes are marked by ^* and/or ^† symbols.)

host		disease	other transmission modes	references
mammals	humans	prion disease (Kuru)*†	necrophagy	Alpers (1979) and Lindenbaum (1979)
	carnivores (multiple species)	nematodes (multiple species)	necrophagy	Pozio (2000)
	ferrets	bovine tuberculosis	necrophagy, direct contact	Qureshi et al. (2000)
	mice	malaria	necrophagy, insect vectors	Malagon et al. (1994)
	pigs	Aujeszky's disease	direct contact	Hahn et al. (1997)
	swine	Trichinella	necrophagy, other food	Hanbury et al. (1986)
	polar bears and walruses	Trichinella (multiple species)	necrophagy, trophic transmission	Forbes (2000)
	hamsters	scrapie		Prusiner et al. (1985)
reptiles	lizards	sarcocysts*	coprophagy	Matuschka & Bannert (1989)
amphibians	frogs	iridovirus	necrophagy, water	Pearman et al. (2004)
	salamanders	iridovirus, bacteria (multiple species)	water, direct contact	Pfennig et al. (1991, 1998)
	spadefoot toads	bacteria (multiple species)	water	Pfennig (2000)
insects	meal moths	bacteria†, granulosus virus†	necrophagy, free-living virus stages	Knell et al. (1996, 1998) and Boots (1998)
	noctuid moths (multiple species)	nuclear polyhedrosis virus	necrophagy	Dhandapani et al. (1993) and Chapman et al. (1999)
	bugs	Chagas disease	coprophagy	Schaub et al. (1989)
	parasitoid wasps	Microsporidia	maternal transmission	Geden et al. (1995)
crustaceans	prawns	stained prawn disease	water	Bower et al. (1996)
	shrimp	white spot syndrome	water	Wu et al. (2001)
	amphipods	Microsporidia†	unknown	MacNeil et al. (2003)
fishes	multiple species	helminthes, nematodes (multiple species)	trophic transmission	De Buron & Maillard (1987), Koie (2000) and McCormick & Nickol (2004)
	Arctic chars	tapeworms (multiple species)	trophic transmission	Hammar (2000)